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Biology > Bio Paper 1 > Flashcards

Bio Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how is a nettle adapted for defense and protection

A
  • stinging hairs
  • harms herbivores
  • less of plant is eaten so less is damaged
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2
Q

where is a pacemaker

A

right atrium

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3
Q

coronary artery

A

branch of aorta and supply heart with oxygenated blood

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4
Q

digestive system: chewing

A

physically breaks down food

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5
Q

Digestive system: Saliva

A

Salivary glands produce amylase

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6
Q

Digestive system: stomach

A

contracts muscular walls and pummels food, pepsin and protease break down food, hydrochloric acid kills baterial

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7
Q

Digestive system: small intestine

A

Digested food absorbed into bloodstream + digestive enzymes produced

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8
Q

Digestive system: pancrease

A

Secretes lots of pancreatic juices containing lots of digestive enzymes into small intestine

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9
Q

digestive system: gall bladder

A

secretes bile into small intestine

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10
Q

digestive system: bile

A

neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat into droplets (quicker to digest), it is made in the liver

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11
Q

enzymes: carbohydrates

A

broken down by amylase into simple sugars such as maltose
1. pancreas
2. salivary gland
3. small intestine

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12
Q

enzymes: protien

A

protease breaks them down into amino acids
1. stomach
2. pancreas
3. small intestine

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13
Q

enzymes: fats

A

lipase breaks them down into glycerol and fatty acids
1. pancreas
2. small intestine

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

no membrane bound organelles
smaller
genetic material not enclosed
no nucleus

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15
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

genetic material enclosed in nucleus
bigger
membrane bound organelle such as mitochondria and ribosomes

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16
Q

magnification equation

A

Image size/ actual size

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17
Q

why would a person with aids take longer to recover than a healthy person

A
  • immune system damaged
  • white blood cells cannot kill bacterial as effectively
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18
Q

what heart condition is treated with a pacemaker

A

irregular heartbeat

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19
Q

substances transported in blood plasma

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • lactic acids
20
Q

why is having more red blood cells/cm3 an advantage to an athlete

A
  • more haemoglobin
  • more oxygen transferred
  • more aerobic respiration of muscle cells
21
Q

how could scientists use stem cells to create healthy lungs not rejected by a CF patient

A
  • take stem cell from patient
  • remove CF gene
  • create embryo using these stem cells
  • remove stem cells and allow them to divide and differentiate into a lung
22
Q

Why do children with CF grow slower than children without it

A

mucus blocks duct from pancreas to small intestine
* less digestive enzymes enter small intestine
* less food is digested
* less absorption of nutrients
* less glucose enter bloodstream
* less amino acids in blood
* less protien made for growth
mucus blocks tubes leading to alveoli
* less oxygen enters bloodstream
* less oxygen available for aerobic respiration
* less energy available for growth

23
Q

what molecules are genes made of

A

DNA

24
Q

how would a scientist use a protien to produce a desired monocolonal antibody

A
  • inject protien into mouse
  • combine lymphocytes with tumour cell to make hybridoma
  • find hybridoma which makes the monocolonal antibody specific to what you want
  • clone hybridoma to produce many cells
25
Q

How can magnesium deficiency cause yellow leaves and stunted growth

A
  • yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
  • less light absorbed
  • lower rate of photosynthesis
  • plant makes less glucose
  • plant converts less glucose into protiens
  • so growth is stunted
26
Q

uses of energy produced from respiration

A
  • movement/ muscle coordination
  • active transport
  • keeping warm
  • building larger molecules
27
Q

products of anaerobic respiration in plants

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide

28
Q

differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A
  • aerobic requires oxygen, anaerobic doesn’t
  • anaerobic produces lactic acid and aerobic doesn’t
  • anaerobic releases less energy than aerobic
  • aerobic produces water and anaerobic does not
29
Q

xylem

A
  • made of dead cells joined end to end with a hole in the middle
  • strengthened by lignin
  • carry water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves
  • involve transpiration stream
  • only flows in one direction
30
Q

phloem

A
  • transports food
  • columns of elongated living cells with small pores at ends
  • allow cell sap to flow through
  • transport food substances made in leaves to rest of plant for use or storage
  • transport in both directions
  • involves translocation
31
Q

translocation

A

movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for repsiration and other processes ( happens in phloem)

32
Q

test for sugars

A

Benedicts
* add heat (water bath 75degrees)
* blue = no sugar
* brick red = sugar

33
Q

test for starch

A
  • iodine solution
    browny orange -> blue black
34
Q

test for protiens

A
  • biuret test
  • equal parts biuret solution and test sample
  • blue -> lilac
35
Q

test for lipids

A
  • Sudan III
  • Lipids = mixture will separate into 2 layers, top layer will be bright red
36
Q

vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (right)

37
Q

pulmonary vein

A

pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left)

38
Q

pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood going to the lungs (right)

39
Q

aorta

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body (left)

40
Q

Developing drugs : preclinical testing

A
  • tested on human cells and tissues in a lab
    -test on live animals for efficacy, toxicity and dosage
41
Q

developing drugs: clinical trials

A
  • healthy volunteers-very low dose to check for side effects
  • dose increased and given to 2 groups of sick patients in a double blind trial
42
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A
  • mouse injected with antigen
  • B-lymphocytes extracted from mouse and fused with tumour cells
  • this is hybridoma
  • these reproduce quickly to produce lots of clones
  • these monoclonal antibodies are then purified and can be used
43
Q

producing antibodies

A
  • white blood cells find pathogens and produce protiens called antibodies
  • these lock on to indivading antigens so they can be found and destroued by other white blood cells
44
Q

how do viruses cause harm

A

reproduce rapidly inside body cells and replicate themselves to make copies, cells burst and this damage is what causes illness

45
Q
A

Biology (2 decks)

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