Bio Nuclein Acids Flashcards
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
True or False: Amino acids are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
False
What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?
To perform a wide range of functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules.
Fill in the blank: The tpr operon is involved in the regulation of __________ synthesis.
tryptophan
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of amino acids? A) Amino group B) Carboxyl group C) Phosphate group D) Side chain
C) Phosphate group
What are the three main types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
True or False: Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism that occurs in prokaryotes.
True
Fill in the blank: The sequence of __________ determines the structure and function of a protein.
amino acids
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To transfer amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Multiple Choice: Which amino acid is considered essential and must be obtained through diet? A) Glycine B) Glutamine C) Tryptophan D) Alanine
C) Tryptophan
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides.
True or False: The tpr operon is regulated by both repression and attenuation.
True
Fill in the blank: The genetic code is read in sets of three nucleotides called __________.
codons
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, while translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
To synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
True or False: All amino acids have the same side chain.
False
Fill in the blank: The process of __________ involves the unwinding of DNA to allow for replication.
denaturation
What is the role of the promoter region in gene expression?
To initiate transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.
Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome? A) rRNA B) tRNA C) mRNA D) snRNA
C) mRNA
What are introns?
Non-coding sequences in a gene that are removed during RNA processing.
True or False: Proteins are made up of nucleotides.
False
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?
To synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells? A) Membrane-bound organelles B) Nucleus C) Circular DNA D) Both A and B
C) Circular DNA
What is the importance of the start codon?
It signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
Transcription
What is attenuation in the context of gene regulation?
A mechanism that reduces the expression of certain genes based on the presence of specific metabolites.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a function of proteins? A) Enzyme catalysis B) Structural support C) Transport D) All of the above
D) All of the above
True or False: mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
True.
What is the primary function of rRNA?
To form the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis.
What is the process by which DNA is converted into RNA called?
Transcription.
Which type of RNA is considered the ‘messenger’ RNA?
mRNA.
True or False: Proteins are made up of long chains of nucleotides.
False.
What are proteins primarily made of?
Amino acids.
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
An amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group).
What does the ‘R’ in the amino acid structure represent?
The variable side chain that determines the specific properties of each amino acid.
In which part of the cell does translation occur?
At the ribosome.
What role does the ribosome play in protein synthesis?
It facilitates the binding of tRNA to mRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
What is the significance of the genetic code?
It determines how sequences of nucleotides in mRNA are translated into amino acid sequences in proteins.
Fill in the blank: The sequence of _______ in a protein determines its structure and function.
amino acids.
What are codons?
Sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids.
True or False: Each amino acid is encoded by a single nucleotide.
False.
What is the role of a stop codon in translation?
It signals the termination of protein synthesis.
What is post-translational modification?
The process by which a protein undergoes changes after translation to become fully functional.
True or False: All genes are expressed at all times in all cells.
False.
