bio molecules

Question 1

What is the structure of glucose?

Answer 1

A monosaccaride which contains 6 carbons, making it a hexose sugar.

Question 2

what are the two types of glucose and what is the difference between the 2?

Answer 2

Alpha and beta glucose. Their is a difference between the structural arrangement on carbon 1. In alpha glucose, the hydroxyl group is below carbon one but above carbon 1 in beta glucose

Question 3

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 3

Two monosaccharides joined together via a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 4

how is maltose made?

Answer 4

glucose + glucose

Question 5

how is lactose made?

Answer 5

glucose + galactose

Question 6

How is sucrose made?

Answer 6

glucose + fructose

Question 7

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 7

This is a reaction which allows disaccharides to be broken down into monosaccharides. Water is added and breaks the glycosidic bond

Question 8

What is starch and what two subunits is it made up of?

Answer 8

Starch is found implants and is used as a carbohydrates store. It is made up of alpha glucose in 2 structural units: amylose and amylopectin

Question 9

What is the structure of amylose?

Answer 9

Amylose is a straight chain consisting of 1-4 glycosidic bonds which results in a spiraled shaped polymer

Question 10

What is the structure of amylopectin?

Answer 10

A branched chain created by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

Question 11

What are the properties of starch?

Answer 11

• insoluble in water since it is a large molecule, this means it doesn’t change the water potential of a cell or affect osmosis.
• spiral shape so is compact and can fit into small sapces
• the branched strands increase the surface area fir enzymes to attach to which means it can be hydrolysed back into glucose

Question 12

What is the structure and function of glycogen?

Answer 12

A storage molecules used in animal cells in the liver and muscle cells. It is madde up of alpha glucose arranged with both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds making it highly branched.

Question 13

What are the properties of glycogen?

Answer 13

• insoluble in water because it is large
• less dense and more branched than starch which means ir can be hydrolysed back to glucose more rapidly which reflects the higher metbaloc demands of animals compared to plants

Question 14

What is the structure and function of cellulose?

Answer 14

Provides structural strength in plants in the cell wall to prevent bursting when filled with water. It is made up of beta glucose arranged with 1-4 glycosidic bonds meaning it is not branched. The long straight chains are arranged parallel to eachother and are held by many hydrogen bonds.

Question 15

What are proteins?

Answer 15

These are large polymers made up of long chains of amino acids

Question 16

What elements are proteins made up of?

Answer 16

Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur.

Question 17

What does it mean to say that proteins are amphoteric?

Answer 17

They are soluble in water which means that they can accept and release hydrogen atoms

Question 18

What happens when a protein releases hydrogen?

Answer 18

Makes it more acidic

Question 19

What happens when a protein accepts a hydrogen?

Answer 19

Makes it less acidic

Question 20

What is the bond which joins 2 amino acids called?

Answer 20

A peptide bond

Question 21

What is it called when there are many amino acids joined together?

Answer 21

A polypeptide

Question 22

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 22

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, order is determined by DNA

Question 23

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 23

This is the way the sequence bends to forms an alpha helix or beta pleated sheets.

Question 24

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 24

the way the polypeptide chain bends to form a complex molecular 3D shape which is held in place by:
- H bonds
- hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
- disulphide bonds
- ionic bonds

Question 25

what is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 25

Proteins made up of multiple polypeptide chains for example haemoglobin

Question 26

What is a fibrous protein?

Answer 26

A polypeptide chain which forms long twisted strands:
- stable structure
- insoluble in water
- structural function
- collagen and keratin

Question 27

What is a globular protein?

Answer 27

A polypeptide chain which rolls up into a spherical shape:
- unstable structure
- soluble in water
- metabolic reactions
- enzymes, antibodies, and insulin

Question 28

What are lipids?

Answer 28

A macramolecule: non polar molecule so are insoluble water

Question 29

What is the structure of lipids?

Answer 29

Glycerol + fatty acids = lipids
Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons) with a hydroxyl group (COOH) at one end

Question 30

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 30

Saturated fatty acids do not have any double bonds which means they are holding as many H atoms as possible. Have a straight ship
Unsaturated fatty acids have a double bond between the carbon which creates a kink.

Question 31

What are triglycerides?

Answer 31

Lipids made up of one glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids. The fatty acids are connected to the glycerol via a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group on the fast acid and the hydroxyl group on the glycerol. creates an ester bond

Question 32

What are the properties of tryglycerides?

Answer 32

• low in mass which means lots can be stored in an animal without minimising movement
• insoluble in water as they are hydrophobic molecules so do not affect osmosis or water potential
• Can transfer energy because of the large ratio of energy storing carbon and hydrogen bonds.

Question 33

What are phospholipids?

Answer 33

made of glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol
The phosphate molecule is the hydrophilic head and the fatty acid is hydrophobic.

Question 34

What is cholesterol?

Answer 34

This is a sterol which has 4 rings of carbon and a hydroxyl group. It is embedded within cell membranes to impact fluidity. It reduces at high temps and increased at low temps