bio mod 8 Flashcards

Question

DNA repair genes

Answer 1

Code for proteins that repair damaged DNA

Answer 2

Code for proteins that stimulate mitosis

Answer 3

Code for proteins that slow down cell growth and mitosis as well as inducing cell death if uncontrolled cell division occurs

Answer 4

Chemical physical or biological agent known to increase the likelihood of developing cancer

Answer 5

Melanoma is a cancer and environmental exposure disease caused by genetic mutations in melanocytes cells which causes uncontrolled cell division. Can be triggered by excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure which can damage DNA in skin cells.

Answer 6

Excessive exposure to UV radiation History of melanoma in family due to inherited genetic mutations Fair skin due to skin type containing less melanin (protection against UV radiation)

Answer 7

Stage 1 Forms as tumour on skin Stage two Grow larger Stage three Spreads to nearby skin lymph nodes and vessels Stage four Cancer cells moving to distant lymph nodes and organs such as lungs, brain and bones interfering with regular function eventually leading to death

Answer 8

Mutations in breast tissue cells eg BRCA1 tumour suppressor gene responsible for coding proteins that repair PTEN gene which is a tumour suppressor gene

Answer 9

PTEN gene is unmoderated and unrepaired by unhealthy BCRA1 gene leading to runaway cell division formation of tumours. Initial signs are lumps in the breast or underarm, changes in size or shape of breast, nipple discharge or pain. Can metastasise to organs and bones leading to death

Answer 10

Inhalation of asbestos fibres which stick to mucus inside respiratory passage. These fibres can be coughed up but if too small can reach the alveoli in lungs. Foreign material activates localised immune system of lungs.

Answer 11

Localised immune response in lungs provokes ongoing inflammation which scars and hardens alveolar walls reducing elasticity, therefore reducing efficiency of gas diffusion

Answer 12

Shortness of breath, vulnerability to pneumonia and bronchitis (and death from their effects) and heightened chance of lung cancer

Answer 13

Imbalance of nutrients in diet includes lack of nutrients (scurvy, iron deficiency anaemia) or excess of nutrients (obesity)

Answer 14

Insufficient amount of iron to produce haemoglobin in the body Can result from inadequate iron intake, increased needs during pregnancy or inability to absorb iron

Answer 15

Lack of response to increased requirements for iron intake. This increase is because iron is essential for foetus development

Answer 16

Broken hair and loss of hair, fatigue, headaches , inability to concentrate, pale and dry skin, cracked lips and brittle fingernails

Answer 17

Lack of vitamin C which is essential for collagen synthesis wound repair and formation of strong bones Often due to poor access to fresh fruit and vegetables (such as in developing countries) or eating disorders

Answer 18

Fatigue, depression, slow healing of wounds bleeding around joints, fever and convulsions leading to death

Answer 19

Increased daily intake of vitamin C potentially through use of supplements Prevention includes high vitamin C diet by eating citrus fruits and green vegetables

Answer 20

1 Pina funnels sound into auditory canal 2 Sound hits to panic membrane which vibrates ear osicles onto oval window of cochlea 3 sound waves bend cochlear hair cells on organ of corti which convert sound into electrical impulses Impulses travel through auditory nerve to brain which is processed to produce sensation of hearing

Answer 21

Sound is unable to travel through outer or middle ear due to excessive wax perforated tympanic membrane or narrowing of auditory canal

Answer 22

Problems occur to cochlea or auditory nerve due to excessive noise exposure which leads to damaged cochlear hair cells.

Answer 23

Hearing aids and bone conduction used to treat conductive hearing loss Cochlear implant used to treat sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 24

Correct in a ear damage, sharing aids are little speakers and microphones fitted in the canal which detect soundwaves and amplify them Limitation is hearing can’t be fixed if cochlear cilia are fully damaged

Answer 25

Fixes inner ear Surgically inserted bypasses cochlear cilia by transmitting signals directly to auditory nerve Different signal frequency stimulates different areas of cochlear Limitation is expensive

Answer 26

Fix outer or middle ear Implanted into skull receive and transmit sound waves via bone conduction to cochlear Limitation is requirement of cochlear hair cell function

Answer 27

Transparent front surface of eye which refracts light

Answer 28

Opening in Iris through which light passes Coloured muscle, which contracts or relaxes to control how much light enters the eye

Answer 29

Changes shape (convex or concave) to reflect light so that an image forms on retina Muscle muscles that adjust shape of lens to enable vision over varying distances (process called accommodation) Holds the lens in place

Answer 30

In a layer of eye which contains rod and cone cells that convert light energy into electrical impulses

Answer 31

Specialised neurons that detect low light Specialise neurons that detect colour

Answer 32

Short sightedness The eye can focus correctly on the objects but not distant due to lens being two round or eyeball too long Correction includes concave lens glasses to diverge light raise enough to focus on retina

Answer 33

Long sightedness The eye can correctly focus on distant objects but not near due to lens to flat or eyeball being too short Correction includes convex lens glasses converging light rays enough to focus on retina.

Answer 34

Laser surgery to correct vision problems Involves cutting open and folding back conjunctiva. Reshaping cornea with laser. Folding back conjunctiva once again to original placement on eye

Answer 35

Proteins organised in the eye clump together and denature causing opaque areas in lens which results in blindness

Answer 36

Tiny incision in eye is made and a device breaks down cloudy lens with high frequency sound before they are suctioned out and a new artificial lens is inserted

Answer 37

Part of excretory system as their function in to remove nitrogenous wastes (urea) and maintain optimal water levels. This is all done by nephrons in the kidneys

Answer 38

Blood travels to glomerulus, a bundle of compacted high pressure capillaries Then to bowman’s capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus draining water, urea, glucose and salts from the blood Then to proximal tubule, where active transport urea, glucose and salts back into the blood Then to loop of henle where osmotic pressure makes water move back into blood Then to distal tubule similar to proximal tubule Finally to collecting ducts which carries urea and water in the form of urine from each nephron to the ureter and bladde

Answer 39

1. Blood is drawn into dialysis machine by catheter 2. Machine contains membrane allowing diffusion of urea and excess salts out 3. Other side of membrane contains dyalisate which flows in countercurrent direction to maintain high concentration gradient 4. Filtered blood return to bloodstream via catheter in vein

Answer 40

Public health campaigns - organised efforts to promote awareness and behaviours that improve health Genetic engineering - deliberate modification of genetic material to alter characteristics

Answer 41

Anti-smoking, QUIT campaign to reduce prevalence of smoking related diseases Tobacco control measures became prevalent in Australia during the late 1980s and l

Answer 42

Golden rice contains a corn gene that allows vitamin A production which can cost effectively integrate into existing agriculture and reduces vitamin A deficiency and night blindness however may not reach everyone due to individual poor diets, public mistrust and problems with national approvals

Answer 43

Caused by insufficient vitamin A which results in inability to produce rhodopsin in rod cells needed for low light vision

Answer 44

Short term medications or interventions to correct immediate issue

Answer 45

Long term lifestyle changes or medications that improve quality of life without curing, can delay progress of diseases.

Answer 46

Insulin resistance of liver and fat cells leading to inabsorption of glucose resulting in high blood glucose Beta pancreatic cells burn out no longer produce insulin due to inability to keep up with with demand for insulin

Answer 47

Lifestyle factors such as a poor diet, obesityand lack of exercise\ Genetics that affect how the body takes up insulin and a family history of type 2 diabetes

Answer 48

Increased hunger thirst and urination, fatigue and blurred vision Later stage includes severe dehydration, chronic kidney disease and heart disease or stroke because of high blood pressure and high cholesterol

Answer 49

intravenous infusion of insulin is given to treat severe cases of high blood glucose

Answer 50

Insulin pump to infuse insulin into the body regular monitoring of blood glucose levels using a glucometer by pricking finger and drawing blood on a test strip or continuous glucose monitors which use sensors to measure levels and send alerts if levels reach beyond tolerance limits

Answer 51

Artificial pancreas via combined use of continuous glucose monitor wirelessly connected to insulin pump to calculatedly deliver insulin Stem cell therapy to regenerate insulin producing beta cells Gene therapy to restore insulin sensitivity to liver and fat cells

Answer 52

study of distribution, risk factors, treatment and prevention of disease in population

Answer 53

data collected to form background information about the disease. who, where, when

Answer 54

data collected about why disease occurs and what are risk factors can be case control or cohort

Answer 55

involves group who has disease and who does not, asks questions to compare past exposure to risk factors they are cheap and quick but rely on peoples memories and honesty which may not be accurate

Answer 56

follows group of similar people over long period of time to see who develops disease by comparing exposures and risk factors to health outcomes Data is accurate but does not rely on memory and timeline determines causes of diseases with time lags between exposure and having disease but is expensive and takes a long time

Answer 57

tests effectiveness of possible treatments such as Experimental and Quasi-experimental studies

Answer 58

Experimental studies use randomised control groups given a placebo of the treatment and treatment groups given the actual medication Double blinds involve neither researchers or patients knowing who is in what group

Answer 59

Quasi-experimental studies are the same as experimental studies but the researchers know and choose which patients are control and treatment

Answer 60

Agents that cause mutations in DNA: Chemical mutagens directly damage DNA or inhibit DNA repair enzymes Electromagnetic radiation sources that are ionising (high energy) can break DNA bonds