bio midterm 2 - StudyKit Flashcards
Cell Membrane: Phospholipids, Proteins, Cholesterol, Carbohydrates
-Phospholipids: form bilayer, head: love water, tail: hate water
-Proteins: transport materials in/out cell
-Cholesterol: flexibility
-Carbs: cell recognition and signaling
Active Transport v. Passive Transport
Active: use ATP, against gradient, low->high concentration
Passive: no ATP, with gradient, high-> low concentration
Diffusion/Facilitated Diffusion
high-> low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion: requires protein channel to help cross membrane
Osmosis
semi-permeable membrane
low solute -> high solute
high water -> low water concentration
Isotonic
solute concentration = in/out of cell
Hypertonic
-solution concentration higher OUTSIDE cell
-loss of water, shrinkage
-think NJ Hype Boy going global OUTSIDE of korea
Hypotonic
-solution concentration higher INSIDE cell
-uptake of water, swelling or bursting
Endocytosis
-bring molecules into eukaryotic cell
-cell membrane is folded inward to make a vesicle
-cell eating and drinking
Exocytosis
EXIT materials from a cell
Glucose Metabolism Equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
3 Steps of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis: cytoplasm, anaerobic (no oxygen); take: glucose, out: ATP, pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation: mitochondria matrix, take: pyruvate, out: acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle: mitochondria matrix, take: acetyl CoA, out: co2, ATP
ETC: inner membrane, ATP synthase
NOTE: 2/3 are Krebs Cycle, only ETC include oxygen (aerobic)
NAD+ and NADH role in energy transfer
NAD+ carries electron -> reduced to NADH -> NADH carries electrons to ETC to make energy
Lactic Acid (Fermentation, no oxygen)
sugar -> energy & lactic acid
e.g. cheese
Alcoholic Fermentation
sugar -> alcohol
e.g. bread
Total ATP produced in Fermentation v. Cellular Respiration
Fermentation: 2 ATP
Cellular Respiration: 32 ATP
Photosynthesis Equation
carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll v. Accessory Pigments
-Chlorophyll: reflect blue-violet wavelengths, reflect green light
-Accessory Pigments: absorb light in different wavelengths, reflect different colors
Why fall leaves turn yellow/orange?
Chlorophyll a & b breakdown in colder temperatures/shorter daylight hours
result: accessory pigments (CAROTENOIDS), become more visible and reflect yellow/orange
Light Reaction (location, input, outputs)
-Thylakoid membrane
-In: light, water
-Out: oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Calvin Cycle (location, inputs, outputs)
Location: stroma
In: ATP, NADPH
Out: glucose
C3, C4, CAM photosynthesis (examples, stromata open, water loss)
C3 (e.g. wheat): day: stromata is open, water loss bc evaporation in hot climate
C4 (e.g. corn): day: stromata slightly open but requires more energy, water loss minimized in warm climate
CAM (e.g. cacti): night: stromata open, water loss minimized in hot climates
Mitosis
-makes body cells
-PMAT 1x
P: sister chromosomes condense
M: chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE
A: sister chromatids pulled away to poles by spindles
T: new nuclei form on each side, make 2 new cells
CYTOKINESIS: ends with 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis
-gametes (sperm/egg)
-PMAT 2x
P1: chromosome match with homologous pairs (from mom&dad), CROSSING OVER!
M1: pair at the middle
A1: pulled away
T1: new nuclei form on each side to make 2 new cells
PMAT 2 same as mitosis
CYTOKINESIS: ends with 4 non-identical haploid cells
Cell Cycle & Cell Division
-Interphase:
- G1: cell grows/synthesizes proteins
-Synthesis Phase: DNA replicated -> 2 sister chromatids for each chromosome
-G2: cell continues to grow/prepare for division
-M Phase (Mitosis): cell division
Cytokinesis in Animal v. Plant cells
Animal: squeeze to divide
Plant: build a wall to separate, formation of a cell plate
Importance of Crossing Over & when it happens
When: Prophase I of meiosis
-create genetic variation w new combo of alleles
-evolution/adaptation
Pleiotropy
1 gene control many traits (e.g. sickle cell)
Quantitative Genetics
traits controlled by multiple genes (e.g. height)
Epistasis
expression of 1 gene is suppressed by another gene
Transcription (location, steps)
Location: nucleus of cytoplasm
-Initiation: RNA polymerase binds
-Elongation: RNA polymerase unzips DNA and synthesizes complementary RNA strand
-Termination: RNA polymerase detaches and RNA strand released
Translation (location, steps)
Location: Ribosome
Initiation: tRNA binds to start codon
Elongation: polypeptide chain of amino acids by reading mRNA codon
Termination: stop codon, polypeptide chain is released
