Bio Midterm Flashcards
Nucleic Acid
DNA
Immediate source of energy
ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
No oxygen used
No mitochondria
Two types of anaerobic respiration
Alcohol and Lactic Fermentation
What organic molecule is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled reactions during respiration?
Glucose
Yeast cells carry out
Alcohol fermentation
Animal and some bacteria carry out
Lactic acid fermentation
Aerobic respiration
Requires the presence of oxygen and enzymes
Anaerobic phase
Glycololysis
Glucose is split into _____
During glycolysis
2 Pyruvic acids
Aerobic phase
Glucose oxidation
Glucose oxidation
Net gain- 34 ATP
Total- 36 ATP
Glucose oxidation takes place in….
Mitochondria
End products of anaerobic
Ethanol or lactic acid ATP
End products of aerobic
Carbon dioxide and water 34 ATP
Freshwater wastes
Ammonia
Land wastes
Urea
Egg layer
Uric acid
Protist cellular wastes diffuse….
Through the membrane
CO2, NH3, salts, H2O
Hydra wastes
Eliminates into water, ammonia
Nephridium
Grasshopper wastes
Urea, malphigian tubes
Lungs
Excrete co2 and water vapor from aerobic respiration
Liver
Produces urea from excess amino acids
Skin
Excretion of urea, salts, water
Kidneys
Maintain homeostasis by regulating water content of the blood
Regulates blood volume
Maintain PH
Removes wastes
Kidney filters out
Urea Sugars Salts Water Vitamins Amino acids
Kidneys make
Urine
What gets absorbed back into the loop of henle-
Amino acids Sugars Water Vitamins Amino acids
Functions of the lymphatic system-
Return excess fluid to the blood
Absorb fats at villi (lacteals)
Defend against disease
Lymph
Fluid
Lymph nodes
Contain white blood cells to filter lymph
What groups of nodules that purify lymph?
Tonsils
Adenoids
Peyers Patches
Spleen
Keeps body fluids in balance
Contains white blood cells/ fight infection
Destroys old and damaged cells
Thymus gland
T lymphocytes mature
Bone marrow
Produces blood cells / B cells mature
Vaccinations
Exposure to harmless version of pathogen
Antibodies
Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them
B cells
White blood cells that attack invaders in the blood
Memory B cells
Remember invader
Acquired immunity
Develops during lifetime
Active immunity
Body produces it’s own antibodies by getting the disease or getting vaccinated
Passive immunity
Temporary
Gamma globulin
Breast feeding
T cells mature in the
Thymus
Helper T cells
Sounds alarm for the rest of the immune system
Killer T cells
Destroys infected body cells
Memory T cells
Remembers invader
Carbohydrates
Commonly called sugars and starches
Made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1
Carbohydrates-
Provide cell with ATP energy
Glycogen
Stores sugar in animals
Chitin
Exoskeleton of insects
Cellulose
Support plant cell wall
Starches
Store sugar in plant
Glucose
Blood sugar
When two monosaccharides combine….
Lose one water
Hydrolysis
Splitting of one large molecule into smaller ones by the addition of 1 of 1 or more water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
Joining of 2 molecules by the removal of water
General equation of hydrolysis
Disaccharide + water yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide
Organic molecules contain both….
Carbon and hydrogen
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Inorganic compounds
Water
Carbon dioxide
Salts
7 life processes
Nutrition Respiration Growth Synthesis Excretion Regulation Reproduction Transport
Metabolism
All chemical activities that take place in an organism to keep it alive
Golgi bodies
UPS in cells
Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
Synthesizes in the nucleus
Centrioles
Reproduction of animal cells
Lysosomes
Site of digestion of unwanted materials
Leucoplasts
Stores starches in plant cells
Circulation supplies in….
Gules (sugars) and oxygen
Atria
Receive blood
Ventricles
Pump blood out
Earthworm
Closed system
Grasshopper
Open system
Circulation to lungs
Blood gets oxygen from lungs
Drops off carbon dioxide to lungs
Brings oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart
Circulation to body
Pumps oxygen rich blood to body
Picks up nutrients from digestive system
Collects carbon dioxide and cell wastes
Arteries
Away from heart
Veins
Blood towards heart
Red blood cells
Produced in bone marrow, small round cells, filtered out by liver, transport oxygen in hemoglobin
Bolus
Mass of food
Chyme
Thin soupy liquid
Liver
Deamination
Stores glycogen
Makes bile
Heterotrophic
Producers
Autotrophic
Consumers
Proteins
SHAPE MATTERS
DO THEIR JOB BECAUSE OF SHAPE
Denature
Permanently distorted proteins
Catalyst
Lower activation energy
Substrates
Reactants
Enzyme substrate complex
No chemical bond
Coenzymes
Non protein, assists enzyme
Factors that affect enzyme activity
Temperature
Enzyme concentration
Substrate
pH
Lipids
Fats and oils
Concentrated energy molecules
No definite ratio
Lipids are made up of
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Saturated fatty acid
No double bond to a carbon
How many amino acids make out all the proteins in living organisms
20
Proteins are made up of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Proteins are also made up of
One or more polypeptides combined
Proteins pretty much do everything but I need examples so….
Structural molecules Enzymes Hormones Toxins Immunological proteins
How do the 20 amino acids differ.
The variable groups are different
Polypeptide is made of
Amino. Acids
Proteins are made up of
Polypeptides
Excess protein is stored as
Fat
Digestion of a polypeptide
Hydrolysis
