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Bio Regulation > Bio Midterm > Flashcards

Bio Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

DNA

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1
Q

Immediate source of energy

A

ATP

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2
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Fermentation
No oxygen used
No mitochondria

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3
Q

Two types of anaerobic respiration

A

Alcohol and Lactic Fermentation

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4
Q

What organic molecule is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled reactions during respiration?

A

Glucose

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5
Q

Yeast cells carry out

A

Alcohol fermentation

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6
Q

Animal and some bacteria carry out

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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7
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Requires the presence of oxygen and enzymes

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8
Q

Anaerobic phase

A

Glycololysis

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9
Q

Glucose is split into _____

During glycolysis

A

2 Pyruvic acids

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10
Q

Aerobic phase

A

Glucose oxidation

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11
Q

Glucose oxidation

A

Net gain- 34 ATP

Total- 36 ATP

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12
Q

Glucose oxidation takes place in….

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

End products of anaerobic

A

Ethanol or lactic acid ATP

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14
Q

End products of aerobic

A

Carbon dioxide and water 34 ATP

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15
Q

Freshwater wastes

A

Ammonia

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16
Q

Land wastes

A

Urea

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17
Q

Egg layer

A

Uric acid

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18
Q

Protist cellular wastes diffuse….

A

Through the membrane

CO2, NH3, salts, H2O

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19
Q

Hydra wastes

A

Eliminates into water, ammonia

Nephridium

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20
Q

Grasshopper wastes

A

Urea, malphigian tubes

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21
Q

Lungs

A

Excrete co2 and water vapor from aerobic respiration

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22
Q

Liver

A

Produces urea from excess amino acids

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23
Q

Skin

A

Excretion of urea, salts, water

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24
Q

Kidneys

A

Maintain homeostasis by regulating water content of the blood
Regulates blood volume
Maintain PH
Removes wastes

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25
Q

Kidney filters out

A 
Urea 
Sugars
Salts
Water 
Vitamins
Amino acids
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26
Q

Kidneys make

A

Urine

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27
Q

What gets absorbed back into the loop of henle-

A 
Amino acids 
Sugars 
Water
Vitamins
Amino acids
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28
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system-

A

Return excess fluid to the blood
Absorb fats at villi (lacteals)
Defend against disease

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29
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid

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30
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Contain white blood cells to filter lymph

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31
Q

What groups of nodules that purify lymph?

A

Tonsils
Adenoids
Peyers Patches

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32
Q

Spleen

A

Keeps body fluids in balance
Contains white blood cells/ fight infection
Destroys old and damaged cells

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33
Q

Thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes mature

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34
Q

Bone marrow

A

Produces blood cells / B cells mature

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35
Q

Vaccinations

A

Exposure to harmless version of pathogen

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36
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them

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37
Q

B cells

A

White blood cells that attack invaders in the blood

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38
Q

Memory B cells

A

Remember invader

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39
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Develops during lifetime

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40
Q

Active immunity

A

Body produces it’s own antibodies by getting the disease or getting vaccinated

41
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary
Gamma globulin
Breast feeding

42
Q

T cells mature in the

A

Thymus

43
Q

Helper T cells

A

Sounds alarm for the rest of the immune system

44
Q

Killer T cells

A

Destroys infected body cells

45
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remembers invader

46
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Commonly called sugars and starches
Made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1

47
Q

Carbohydrates-

A

Provide cell with ATP energy

48
Q

Glycogen

A

Stores sugar in animals

49
Q

Chitin

A

Exoskeleton of insects

50
Q

Cellulose

A

Support plant cell wall

51
Q

Starches

A

Store sugar in plant

52
Q

Glucose

A

Blood sugar

53
Q

When two monosaccharides combine….

A

Lose one water

54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splitting of one large molecule into smaller ones by the addition of 1 of 1 or more water molecule

55
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Joining of 2 molecules by the removal of water

56
Q

General equation of hydrolysis

A

Disaccharide + water yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide

57
Q

Organic molecules contain both….

A

Carbon and hydrogen

58
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

59
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Water
Carbon dioxide
Salts

60
Q

7 life processes

A 
Nutrition 
Respiration
Growth
Synthesis 
Excretion 
Regulation 
Reproduction 
Transport
61
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical activities that take place in an organism to keep it alive

62
Q

Golgi bodies

A

UPS in cells

63
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in protein synthesis

Synthesizes in the nucleus

64
Q

Centrioles

A

Reproduction of animal cells

65
Q

Lysosomes

A

Site of digestion of unwanted materials

66
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Stores starches in plant cells

67
Q

Circulation supplies in….

A

Gules (sugars) and oxygen

68
Q

Atria

A

Receive blood

69
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood out

70
Q

Earthworm

A

Closed system

71
Q

Grasshopper

A

Open system

72
Q

Circulation to lungs

A

Blood gets oxygen from lungs
Drops off carbon dioxide to lungs
Brings oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart

73
Q

Circulation to body

A

Pumps oxygen rich blood to body
Picks up nutrients from digestive system
Collects carbon dioxide and cell wastes

74
Q

Arteries

A

Away from heart

75
Q

Veins

A

Blood towards heart

76
Q

Red blood cells

A

Produced in bone marrow, small round cells, filtered out by liver, transport oxygen in hemoglobin

77
Q

Bolus

A

Mass of food

78
Q

Chyme

A

Thin soupy liquid

79
Q

Liver

A

Deamination
Stores glycogen
Makes bile

80
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Producers

81
Q

Autotrophic

A

Consumers

82
Q

Proteins

A

SHAPE MATTERS

DO THEIR JOB BECAUSE OF SHAPE

83
Q

Denature

A

Permanently distorted proteins

84
Q

Catalyst

A

Lower activation energy

85
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants

86
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

No chemical bond

87
Q

Coenzymes

A

Non protein, assists enzyme

88
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity

A

Temperature
Enzyme concentration
Substrate
pH

89
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and oils
Concentrated energy molecules
No definite ratio

90
Q

Lipids are made up of

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

91
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bond to a carbon

92
Q

How many amino acids make out all the proteins in living organisms

A

20

93
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

94
Q

Proteins are also made up of

A

One or more polypeptides combined

95
Q

Proteins pretty much do everything but I need examples so….

A 
Structural molecules 
Enzymes
Hormones
Toxins
Immunological proteins
96
Q

How do the 20 amino acids differ.

A

The variable groups are different

97
Q

Polypeptide is made of

A

Amino. Acids

98
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Polypeptides

99
Q

Excess protein is stored as

A

Fat

100
Q

Digestion of a polypeptide

A

Hydrolysis

Bio Regulation (6 decks)

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