bio midterm Flashcards
diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed equally
isotonic solution
equal concentration of solute and the cell
hypertonic solution
cell shrivels. higher solute (lower water) concentration then the cell. water moves out of cell
hypotonic solution
cell expands and bursts. lower solute (higher water) then the cell. water moved into cell
osmosis
movement of water across the plasma membrane of a cell.
what regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm
plasma membrane
what structures in both cells carry out protein sythesis
ribosomes
features used to distinguish a prokaryotic cell
lack of nucleus and membrane bound organelles
what plant cell organelle carries out photosynthesis
chloroplast
what two things are found in the nucleus of a eukaroytic cell
DNA+ nucleolus
what molecule is associated with plant cell walls
cellulose
what energy producing organelle is found in animal and plant cells
mitochondria
does water move into or out of cells that are placed in hypotonic solutions
into
what kind of solution causes crenation to happen to red blood cells
hypertonic
of a solution has more hydrogen ions then hydroxide ions is the solution acidic or basic
acidic
what kind of solution causes chloroplasts to be pushed outward against the cell wall
hypotonic
what is present in human blood that ensures blood PH is maintained at 7.4
buffers
what cellular structures are found in both cells
ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
are the substrates in an enzymatic reaction reactants or products
reactants
what is the name of the location on an enzyme where its substrate or substrates bind
active site
what cellular organelle contains catalase and is present in all plant and animal organs
peroxisomes
what did measuring the bubble clump heights in all the experimental procedures indicate
enzyme activity
what word describes the loss of an enzymes original shape and ability of its active site to function
denature
what happens to enzyme activity if the temp increases a few degrees
activity of enzyme increases
what did the control tube lack when the effect of enzyme concentration was studied
catalase
if enzyme concentration increases will products from the enzyme reaction increase, decrease, or stay the same
increase
enzymes work best at what ph
7
how does a significant change in ph affect the structure of an enzyme
it decreases the function
homeostasis
maintenance of internal balance in the body for conditions such as temperature and PH
what kind of reaction adds water to break large biomolecules into subunits
hydrolysis reaction
what kinda of protein is lactase, the biomolecule that speeds up the breakdown of lactose
enzyme
what kind of bond forms during a dehydration synthesis reaction involving two amino acids
peptide bonds
if maltose undergoes hydrolysis what subunits result
2 glucose molecules
what molecules do plants store glucose
starch
what kind of biomolecules are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
lipids
if 2 fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group undergo a dehydration reaction, what biomolecule will they form
phosophlipids
another name for plant fats
oils
what must be present to sucesffuly break down fats during digestion
bile salt/enyzme
what are the similarities between the chemical structure and composition of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
all chemeical structures contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are all composed of building blocks
what is oil and water and why don’t they mix
oil is non polar whereas water is polar meaning they don’t fix because non polar and polar don’t touch
mm to cm
divide by 10
mg to g
divide by 1000
l to ml
multiply by 1000
what is the name for the lenses located near the eye
ocular lense
if the amount of light passing through the condenser needs to be decreases what microscope part should be adjusted
diaphragm
what word describes a microscope that remains in focus when the objective lenses are changed
parfocal
if the slide is being viewed with the high power objective which adjustment knob should be used to sharpen the focus
fine adjustment knob
which microscope would be used to study a whole object
stereo microscope
trasmissione electron microscope
can achieve a high resolution allowing us to view objects that are very small
list several types of microscopes
Compound microscope, stereo microscope, confocal microscope, electron microscope
what molecule is most commmoly broken down during cellular respiration and femerntaiton
glucose
What are the differences between a stereomicroscope and a compound light microscope
A stereomicroscope provides a 3D view and is typically used for larger specimens, while a compound microscope offers higher magnification and is used for thin, transparent samples.
What is used to improve contrast when viewing clear portions of cells
stains/dye
Which term describes the minimum distance between two objects required to distinguish them as two separate objects
resolution
what organelle present in animal and plant cells completes the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration
mitochondrion
1 um to mm
divide by 1000
plasma membrane function
regulates entrance and exit + separates inside and outside
1 nm to mm
divide by 1 million
nucleus function
stores genetic info and manages cells genetic material
nucleolus function
makes rna
smooth er function
lipid synthesis
ribosomes function
makes proteins
rough er function
protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum function
always outside nucleus
vesicles function
sends proteins
Golgi apparatus function
processes, packages, and ships proteins and lipids to locations
lysosomes function
recycles cells and defense system. breaks down waste
cytoskeleton
movement, mainstains shape and ridigty
centrioles in centrosome function
makes spindle fibers during divison
mitochondria
energy power house of cell
