bio M5

Question 1

what are some mechanisms of reproduction

Answer 1

fission, budding, fragmentation

Question 2

name two types of fertilisation

Answer 2

internal and external

Question 3

what are the two types of fertilisation performed by

Answer 3

internal: mostly terrestrial (plants, birds, mammals)
external: mostly aquatic (fish, amphibians)

Question 4

how many gametes are produced in each type of fertilisation

Answer 4

internal: many male, few female
external: many of both

Question 5

fertilisation rates in external and internal

Answer 5

internal: high
external: low

Question 6

advantages of internal and external fertilisation

Answer 6

internal: higher fertilisation rate, offspring protected
external: many offspring produced, rapid colonisation, faster and requiring less energy

Question 7

Give some examples of asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 7

Runners, budding, spores

Question 8

Briefly outline the process of sexual reproduction in plants

Answer 8

Pollen lands on stigma, goes to pollen tube to ovary and fertilises ova

Question 9

What type of cell division does each type of reproduction in plants use

Answer 9

Asexual: mitosis
Sexual: meiosis

Question 10

Advantages of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants

Answer 10

Asexual: rapid reproduction of lots of offspring, no mates, favourable characteristics passed down
Sexual: more variation

Question 11

Disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction

Answer 11

Asexual: less variation within species
Sexual: complex. Takes more time and energy, generally less offspring produced and favourable characteristics may not be passed down

Question 12

Describe budding and how it aids in reproduction

Answer 12

new organism is developed from a small part of the parents body. it aids reproduction as the process creates a new organism

Question 13

what are spores

Answer 13

Spores (single cells produced via mitosis) released from bud that can create a new organism. fungi, asexual

Question 14

what is a sporophyte

Answer 14

Sporophyte is a diploid, multicellular spore-producing phase in the life cycle of the plant body which exhibits alternation of generations.

Question 15

how does bacteria reproduce

Answer 15

binary fission

Question 15

What is Binary fission:

Answer 15

when two new organisms are created through mitosis (bacteria)

Question 16

What are protists

Answer 16

one-celled and sometimes colonial organisms usually fungi or algae

Question 17

How do protists reproduce

Answer 17

Binary fission, budding

Question 18

Name the two types of cell replication (Sabrina)

Answer 18

Mitosis and meiosis

Question 19

How many divisions in mitosis and how many daughter cells created

Answer 19

1 division, 2 daughters

Question 20

How many divisions in meiosis and how many cells produced

Answer 20

2 divisions and 4 gametes (sex cells ) produced

Question 21

What is mitosis used for

Answer 21

Asexual reproduction and growth and repair

Question 21

Daughter cells In mitosis are:

Answer 21

Identical

Question 21

Does mitosis create identical cells or not

Answer 21

No, they are sex cells

Question 22

Purpose of meiosis

Answer 22

To create gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 23

What is the phase between the first and second phases in meiosis

Answer 23

Interkinesis

Question 23

Name the phases in meiosis

Answer 23

Interphase (1&2), prophase (1&2), metaphase (1&2), anaphase (1&2) telophase and cytokinesis (1&2)

Question 24

What does IPMAT stand for (meiosis)

Answer 24

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 24

What happens during interphase I of meiosis

Answer 24

Cell grows and replicates DNA

Question 25

What happens during P1 in meiosis

Answer 25

Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes line up, nuclear membrane dissolves, crossing over

Question 26

What happens during M1 meiosis

Answer 26

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at equator spindle fibres attach

Question 27

A1 meiosis

Answer 27

Homologous chromosomes stay intact and are pulled to opposite poles

Question 28

T1 meiosis

Answer 28

Cell divides (cytokinesis) into haploid daughters, nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes de condense

Question 29

P2 meiosis

Answer 29

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles

Question 30

M2 meiosis

Answer 30

Chromosomes Line up at equator and spindle fibres attach

Question 30

A2 meiosis

Answer 30

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Question 30

T2 meiosis

Answer 30

Cytokinesis into four haploid daughters. Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane

Question 31

Interphase mitosis

Answer 31

Replication

Question 32

Prophase mitosis

Answer 32

Condense, nuclear membrane dissolves

Question 33

Metaphase mitosis

Answer 33

Chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibres attach

Question 34

Anaphase mitosis

Answer 34

Chromosomes separated to become chromatids

Question 35

Telophase mitosis

Answer 35

Nuclear membrane reforms, decondense, cytokinesis

Question 36

What is the name for the twisted ladder structure of DNA

Answer 36

Double helix

Question 37

What are nucleotides

Answer 37

Basic building blocks of DNA containing sugar, phosphate and a base

Question 38

What are the backbone and rungs of DNA

Answer 38

Backbone made of sugar and phosphate and rungs made of base pairings

Question 39

What are the base pairs of DNA

Answer 39

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Question 40

What holds together the base pairings

Answer 40

Hydrogen bonds

Question 40

When does DNA replication take place

Answer 40

During cell replication

Question 40

What do helicase enzymes do

Answer 40

Unzip DNA in replication by breaking hydrogen bonds

Question 41

What is DNA polymerase

Answer 41

An enzyme that replicates DNA

Question 42

Small sections of DNA opened up for replication

Answer 42

Okazami fragments

Question 43

How does cell replication effect the continuity of species

Answer 43

Allows the processes of mitosis and meiosis which are essential in reproduction as mitosis allows asexual reproduction in bacteria and meiosis creates gametes for sexual reproduction.

Question 44

Define runners (stolons)

Answer 44

a type of plant that asexual reproduces through horizontal above ground stems from parent plant that take root and create a daughter

Question 45

Define haploid

Answer 45

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

Question 46

Chromatids

Answer 46

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

Question 47

Chromosomes

Answer 47

thread like structures located inside the nucleus made of DNA

Question 48

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 48

chromosomes for the same gene that have different genetic makeups

Question 49

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotes

Answer 49

Prokaryotes are unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

Question 50

histones

Answer 50

spools for DNA to condense

Question 51

difference between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

Answer 51

Eukaryotic DNA is linear, whereas prokaryotic DNA is circular