Bio lecture week 1 terms Flashcards
hematology
the study of blood and disorders
plasma
fluid part of blood. functions to transport cells and analytes ( vitamins, hormones, electrolytes). located in blood vessels but can leak out. the noncellular portion of the blood; its liquid matrix, usually constituting slightly over one half of its volume
viscous
thicker than water. flows slower ( like honey). resistance of a fluid to flow; the thickness of stickiness of a fluid
interstitial fluid
fluid between cells in tissue. bathes cells of the body, renewed by blood.provides minerals and nutrients. leaks out of blood vessel during different reactions.the fluid contained in the cells; one of the body’s major fluid compartments
buffer
blood pH should be between 7.35-7.45. maintained by buffer system of carbonic acid and bicarbonate. blood pH changes based on amount of free hydrogen too much alkaline too little acidic.
anemia
disease results in increased plasma level, decreased RBCs. deficiency in RBCs and Hb results in hypoxia- not enough oxygen. most common IDA
polycythemia
disease results in decreased plasma volume, problem with oxygen, increased RBCs. caused by stem cell defect or high EPO levels. blood is too viscous, high blood pressure
albumin
most abundant plasma protein. maintains osmotic pressure in blood. causes fluid retention. a class of small proteins constituting about 60% of the protein fraction of blood plasma; plays roles in blood viscosity, colloid osmotic pressure, and solute transport
immunoglobulins
aka globulins or antibodies. 2nd most abundant plasma protein. bind to microbes ( antigens) for defense.
erythrocyte
red blood cells. bind and carry oxygen to tissue for purpose of respiration and to make ATP. biconcave. no nucleus. no protein synthesis. anaerobic ATP formation. strong and flexible.
leukocyte
white blood cells. purpose is defense against microbes. 5 kinds. have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs. produced primarily in bone marrow and mature there.
thrombocyte
platelet. clotting cells, actually cell fragments
erythropoietin (EPO)
needed for blood cell formation. a hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia and stimulates erythropoiesis. increase indicated RBC destruction and smoking, decrease indicates anemia and kidney failure.
CPF colony- stimulating factors
needed for forming white blood cells. mature lymphocytes and macrophages secrete several types in response to infections. each stimulates a different WBC type to develop in response to specific needs.
interleukins
needed for forming white blood cells. a hormone like chemical messenger from one leukocyte to another as a means of communication and coordination during immune responses.
PSC pluripotent stem cell
found only in red bone marrow in adults. differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. most unspecialized and immature stem cell.
myeloid stem cell
differentiate into basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. found in blood vessels. also red blood cells or platelets ( differentiate into). mature and specialize in bone marrow.
lymphoid stem cell
differentiate into B cells, T cell, and nk cells. mature and specialize into bone marrow and thymus gland.
mitotic
ability for cells to divide
hemoglobin Hb
major protein in RBCs. around 280 million in 1 RBC. composed of iron. transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. red gas transport pigment of an erythrocyte
macrophage
eat white blood cells. any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte, that is specialized for phagocytosis; usually derived from a blood monocyte and often functioning as an anti-antigen presenting cell.
haptoglobin
prevents loss of hemoglobin in urine. binds and carries hemoglobin to the liver
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency in tissue. sensed by kidneys. caused by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, anemia, and high altitudes. effects: increased RBC production, RBCs release in bone marrow too early, EPO levels increase.
bilirubin
broken down by liver and excreted in feces. waste product of expired RBCs. too much can be toxic
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of RBCs in blood. the percentage of blood volume that is composed of RBCs also called packed cell volume
blood doping
injecting previously stored RBCs before an athletic department. artificial inducement of polycythemia. more cells to deliver oxygen to tissues.can increase viscosity and blood pressure, forces heart to work harder
granulocyte
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, contain visible granules that help destroy microbes.
agranulocyte
monocytes- no visible granules and lymphocytes no granules
neutrophil
also known as poly or seas. must numerous WBC in peripheral blood. number of lobes of nuclei depends on age of cell. has granules. function is to destroy bacteria through phagocytosis, intracellular digestion and secretion of bactericidal chemicals
phagocytosis
engulf/ kill cells. form of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle with pseudopods and engulfs it, enclosing it in a phagosome.
basophil
lowest number WBC in peripheral blood. bi-lobed nucleus.in tissue called mast cells. dark blue/ purple granules. contain enzymes histamine, heparin, and serotonin. intensifies inflammatory reactions resulting in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
mast cells
basophils that are located in tissue. a connective tissue cell, similar to a basophil, that secretes histamine, heparin and other chemicals involved in inflammation. often concentrated along the course of blood capillaries.
histamine
produced by mast cells and released during allergic reactions, causes small blood vessels to dilate and become leaky which can cause tissues to swell.
heparin
produced by mast cells. a polysaccharide secreted by basophils and mast cells that induces inflammation. inhibits blood clotting
serotonin
released by mast cells and basophils and helps to intensify inflammatory responses
eosinophils
low numbers in peripheral blood. nucleus with 2-3 lobes, large red granules. contain anti-histamine. increased levels indicates increased allergies or helminth worm infection.
anti-histamine
enzyme in eosinophils. counteracts histamine produced by basophils. combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions
monocytes
low numbers in peripheral blood. mono-nucleus that is horseshoe shaped. largest WBC in circulating blood. cytoplasm is foamy blue-gray. when moving into tissue convert into macrophages. clean up cellular debris
allergy
involves both basophils and eosinophils. basophils intensify allergic responses and are bad and eosinophils combat these effects.
lymphocyte
mono-nucleus that fills most of the cell.agranular no phagocytosis. 3 types: T cells, B cells, and nk cells
t- lymphocyte
type of lymphocyte involved in innate immunity, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. occurs in several forms including helper, cytotoxic and suppressor.
t helper (CD4) cells
most important t- cell. directs all other WBCs in the body. helps coordinate the immune response against infection and disease.
b- lymphocyte
produce IgG. develop in plasma cells and produce antibodies. attack all microbes. a lymphocyte that functions as an antigen- presenting cell and differentiates into an antibody- producing plasma cell
cytokine
produced by t-cells. type of protein made by certain immune and non- immune cells and has an effect on the immune system.
nk- lymphocyte
directly attack viruses and cancer cells
leukocytosis
high WBC count. indication of infection
leukopenia
low WBC count, immunocompromised and immunosuppressed state. caused by YOPI. lifestyle: stress, lack of sleep, inadequate nutrition. risk of infection
YOPI
young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised,
platelets
fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocytic. repair. damaged vessels by forming a plug. initiate blood clotting
vitamin K
required for proper blood clotting. needs it to make certain proteins in the liver that cause blood to clot, without it, liver can’t produce clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and blood won’t clot
coagulation factors
clotting factors needed for proper clot formation. protein in body that help form clots. roman numerals
hemostasis
stop bleeding in quick and localized fashion when vessels damaged. leads to the cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel. involves interlinked steps.
vessel spasm
causes vasoconstriction to slow bleeding
platelet plug
platelets adhere to vessel wall and aggregate to form plug
clot restriction
clot pulls severed vessel ends together for final repair
clor dissolution ( fibrinolysis)
dissolve the clot when damage repaired
extrinsic pathway
set off by tissue trauma. occurs rapidly within seconds of an injury. initiated when tissue fact leaks into blood.
intrinsic pathway
set off by endothelial cell damage in vessel walls. slower and more complex.
thrombocytosis
increase in platelet number. risk of abnormal clots
thrombocytopenia
decrease in platelet number, may not be able to stop bleeding.
thrombus
clot in a vessel ( condition called thrombosis). deep vein thrombosis
embolism
moving clot. ex pulmonary embolism
anticoagulants
substance used to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and heart. also called blood thinners
heparin
anticoagulant, transmitted by IV. works by inhibiting factor XIII
Coumadin
aka warfarin. given orally. works by inhibiting vitamin K( which is a component of a blood clot)
aspirin
works by preventing blood vessel constriction and inhibiting platelets
hemophilia
genetic disorder- x-linked recessive. defective gene on X chromosome.deficiency of factor VIII. inability to form fibrin clot, treatment is to replace coagulation factor.
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
bleeding and clotting disorder where they occur at the same time. small clots form and clog vessels in organs, coagulation factors eventually become depleted. treatment is to treat the underlying cause, anticoagulant therapy. triggered by septicemia and venom.
HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn
incompatibility of Rh blood type between mother and fetus. mother is rh- and baby rh+ first baby will be ok but could cause issues in later pregnancies.
rh factor
a blood type antigen on RBCs. an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of RBCs
erthyroblastosis fetalis
effect of antibody IgG on HDN fetus during second pregnancy. 50% chance fetal fatality
rhogam
treatment for HDN. contains IgG against Rh factor. injected into mother at 28 weeks gestation and during delivery. clears fetal RBCs circulating in mother. will not worker in mom took no prenatal care with 1st child since IgG antibody is already in her for life.
intrauterine transfusion
if rhogam will not work for mother can do this. most be administered monthly to baby while still in utero.
memory cell
white blood cells that can survive for several decades instead of most that die within a few hours and are replaced daily.
pathogenic microbe
specialized to propagate an immunocompromised host, to spread and disseminate into unique host compartments and niches.
yolk sac
hematopoiesis occurs here from 0-2 months for embryo
liver
hematopoiesis occurs here between 2-7 months in utero
bone marrow
hematopoiesis occurs here from 7 months until birth
pica
symptom on IDA. tendency to want to chew
koilonychia
symptom of IDA. fingernails flat, fan shaped, brittle or concave.
plasma cells
type of immune cells that makes large amounts of a specific antibody. develop from B cells that have been activated.
antibodies
produced by B- cells. a protein of the gamma globulin class that reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful effects; found in the blood plasma, in other body fluids, and on the surfaces of certain leukocytes and their derivatives.
spleen
hematopoiesis can be produced here from 2-7 months in utero ( some) and as an adult in crisis situations
red bone marrow
hematopoiesis found here 7 months - birth. in children, and in flat bones and ends of long bone in adults
undifferentiated cell
primitive unspecialized convert to specialized. cells or tissues that do not have specialized structures or functions
differentiated cell
specialized. cells becoming specialized in their structures and function and performing a certain job in the body.
central palor
the percentage volume of indentation, comparing the red cell to a disc of uniform absorbance equals the maximum found at the cell edges.
immunocompromised
having an impaired immune system
transfusion
have to consider blood type
transplant
have to consider blood type
IgM
big in size. produces by b antibody, and a antibody. doesn’t affect HDN since too big to cross placenta
IgG
small. produced by AB antibody. can cross placenta and cause danger to fetus in HDN.
hemolysis
destruction of RBCs
