Bio Lab Practical-Rate Flashcards
Anterior
pertaining to the head end (cephalic) or the part that moves forward
Posterior
pertaining to the tail end (caudal) or the rear
Ventral
pertaining to the belly; in quadrupeds, the nether surface or underside of the body; in humans, pertaining to front side of the body
Dorsal
pertaining to the back portion of a structure
Medial
pertaining to the middle
Lateral
away from the midline (to the side)
Distal
farthest from the center, from a medial line/trunk, away from the point of origin
Nares
nostril
Whiskers
tactile, adapted for navigation tight spaces
eyes
located on each side of the head, sub-optimal depth perception
Pinnae
external ear
Located anterior/dorsally from the eyes, higher on the sagittal plane
Jaw
unable to open without cutting because no ATP to move muscles
Teeth
20 in total
Incisors: sharp teeth meant for cutting
Molars in back meant for chewing/grinding
Hard Palate
separates mouth from nasal cavity
Papille
taste buds
scrotal sacs
Males only; hold sperm
urogenital aperture
base of the scrotal sacs, at the distal end of the penis
Penis
normally in its sheath
Vaginal orfice
females only
Urinary elevation
anterior to vaginal orifice
Hindlimb
: fibula, tibia, femur, pes
Homologous: common DNA/structures
Rat walks on its soles
Thumb: no thumb, vestigial remnant present
4 fingers, 5 toes
Forelimb
radius, ulna, humerus, manus
Mammary Glands
: lobular, inside surface of skin under nipples, surrounded by adipose tissue
Adipose tissue:
body fat, stores energy
Submaxillary gland:
Parotid Salivary Glands: makes saliva
Saliva helps break down food in the mouth (salivary amylase)
Lymph Nodes
: filter lymphatic fluid, entrap lymphocytes, microorganisms and other debris in the lymph before reentry into circulatory system
Humans have lymph nodes in same area
Swell during infection due to influx of white blood cells fighting off bacteria
Infra-orbital lachrymal gland:
produces tears
Tears keep eyes wet and smooth, helps focus, protects from infection and dirt
Sternum
breastbone
Ends in Xiphisternum: white flattened paddle-like cartilage
Diaphram
controls the volume of the lungs; lungs expand when diaphragm contracts and deflates when diaphragm relaxes
Esophagus:
canal that connects the throat to the stomach
Stomach
organ where food is broken down
ribs
protect the heart and lungs
trachea
windpipe, connects throat to lungs for gas exchange
Hard and ribbed compared to esophagus
thymus
production and maturation of immune cells
lungs
4 lobes on the right, 1 lobe on the left
Heart
Wrapped in pericardium: thin tissue layer that isolates heart from the rest of the organs
Auricles: ear-like flaps emanating from upper reaches of heart
In rodents, comprise most of the atria
Aorta: at the top of than heart, dyed pink
Thicker wall then vena cava
Pulmonary trunk: between the 2 atria, brown, transports blood from heart to lungs
Ventricles:
Left ventricle wall thicker than right
Vena Cava: delivers blood from body to heart
Anterior vena cava: splits into 2, left and right side above heart
Posterior vena cava:
No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood- more efficient
Organisms that mix blood: amphibians, less efficient
Artery
Distinguishable by wall thickness (artery has thicker walls)
