Bio Lab Final Flashcards
Interphase four divisions
G0, G1, S, and G2
G0 phase
Normal cell functions occur.
G1 phase
RNA and protein synthesis occurs-preparing for S phase
S phase
DNA replication occurs
G2 phase
Protein synthesis occurs- making necessary enzymes for mitosis.
Which phase takes the longest amount of time
Prophase
Prophase (looks like interphase but with an extra centriole and both centrioles are now hairy)
Chromosomes form when chromatin condenses. The nuclear membrane dissolves. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell.
Metaphase (shaped like lemon, chromosomes aligned at middle)
Centriole spindles bind to centromere of each chromosome. Chromosome pairs line up on the equator of the cell.
Anaphase (looks like football)
Centromeres are pulled apart by spindle contraction. One copy of each chromosome migrates towards the opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase (starting to split in half)
A cleavage furrow is apparent as cytokinesis begins. The nuclear membrane slowly begins to reform and the chromosomes revert to indistinct, or loose chromatin.
Cytokinesis (all but split)
Anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis overlap. During this period, the parent cell is divided by pinching the parent cell in half and forming two daughter cells.
Interphase (looks normal, one centromere)
Most of the life of the cell is spent in this phase. This is the period when a cell performs its normal functions.
Which phase takes the shortest amount of time
Metaphase
During which phase is a nuclear envelope observed
Prophase
During which phase are sister chromatids observed
Anaphase
During which phase is a mitosis spindle observed
Metaphase
During which phase are there visible chromosomes
Prophase
During which phase are centrioles observed
Late prophase
During which phase is a cleavage furrow visible
Telophase
When does cytokinesis begin
During late anaphase
How many centrosomes does the cell have during metaphase
2 (2 centrioles each)
What are three reasons cells undergo mitosis
Growth, repair, asexual reproduction.
Number of Cell divisions mitosis vs meiosis
Mitosis: 1. meiosis: 2
Number of daughter cells produced mitosis vs meiosis
Mitosis: 2
Meiosis: 4
Meiosis vs mitosis are daughter cells identical
Mitosis: genetically identical
Meiosis: genetically different
Mitosis v meiosis are daughter cells haploid
Mitosis: diploid
Meiosis: daughter cells are always haploid
Mitosis v meiosis number of chromosomes in daughter cell
Mitosis: 2n (46)
Meiosis: n (23)
Mitosis vs meiosis where they occur
Mitosis: somatic cells
Meiosis: sex cells
Sexual reproduction mitosis or meiosis
Meiosis
Normal karyotype
46XY or 46XX
Klinefelter’s karyotype
47XXY
Down syndrome karyotype
Extra chromosome pair 21
XXX female karyotype
47XXX
Turners syndrome karyotype
45XO
What phase is best phase to look at chromosomes
Metaphase
What do we use to hold chromosomes in metaphase
Colchine
DNA replication
The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a dna molecule. A copy of each strand is synthesized
Transcription
Information is transcribed from the dna template to mRNA inside the nucleus through the action of the enzyme, RNA polymerase.
Translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a complex with a ribosome to translate the mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence of a protein. tRNA will bring and connect individual amino acid as are specified by the mRNA sequence.
DNA polymerase
The main enzyme involved in the replication of dna
Ribosomes
Ribosomes hold the RNA of a cell
tRNA
Binds to mRNA strand with amino acid at one end and an anticodon at the other end. Transfers at rna
Codon
3 bases on mRNA that code for amino acid.
Anticodon
Each tRNA has three unpaired bases
What does a restriction enzyme do
Recognize specific nucleotide sequences on a dna strand, bind to it, and then to cut the DNA between the bases.
