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Biology > Bio Lab Final > Flashcards

Bio Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase four divisions

A

G0, G1, S, and G2

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2
Q

G0 phase

A

Normal cell functions occur.

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3
Q

G1 phase

A

RNA and protein synthesis occurs-preparing for S phase

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4
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs

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5
Q

G2 phase

A

Protein synthesis occurs- making necessary enzymes for mitosis.

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6
Q

Which phase takes the longest amount of time

A

Prophase

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7
Q

Prophase (looks like interphase but with an extra centriole and both centrioles are now hairy)

A

Chromosomes form when chromatin condenses. The nuclear membrane dissolves. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell.

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8
Q

Metaphase (shaped like lemon, chromosomes aligned at middle)

A

Centriole spindles bind to centromere of each chromosome. Chromosome pairs line up on the equator of the cell.

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9
Q

Anaphase (looks like football)

A

Centromeres are pulled apart by spindle contraction. One copy of each chromosome migrates towards the opposite ends of the cell.

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10
Q

Telophase (starting to split in half)

A

A cleavage furrow is apparent as cytokinesis begins. The nuclear membrane slowly begins to reform and the chromosomes revert to indistinct, or loose chromatin.

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11
Q

Cytokinesis (all but split)

A

Anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis overlap. During this period, the parent cell is divided by pinching the parent cell in half and forming two daughter cells.

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12
Q

Interphase (looks normal, one centromere)

A

Most of the life of the cell is spent in this phase. This is the period when a cell performs its normal functions.

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13
Q

Which phase takes the shortest amount of time

A

Metaphase

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14
Q

During which phase is a nuclear envelope observed

A

Prophase

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15
Q

During which phase are sister chromatids observed

A

Anaphase

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16
Q

During which phase is a mitosis spindle observed

A

Metaphase

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17
Q

During which phase are there visible chromosomes

A

Prophase

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18
Q

During which phase are centrioles observed

A

Late prophase

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19
Q

During which phase is a cleavage furrow visible

A

Telophase

20
Q

When does cytokinesis begin

A

During late anaphase

21
Q

How many centrosomes does the cell have during metaphase

A

2 (2 centrioles each)

22
Q

What are three reasons cells undergo mitosis

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction.

23
Q

Number of Cell divisions mitosis vs meiosis

A

Mitosis: 1. meiosis: 2

24
Q

Number of daughter cells produced mitosis vs meiosis

A

Mitosis: 2
Meiosis: 4

25
Q

Meiosis vs mitosis are daughter cells identical

A

Mitosis: genetically identical
Meiosis: genetically different

26
Q

Mitosis v meiosis are daughter cells haploid

A

Mitosis: diploid
Meiosis: daughter cells are always haploid

27
Q

Mitosis v meiosis number of chromosomes in daughter cell

A

Mitosis: 2n (46)
Meiosis: n (23)

28
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis where they occur

A

Mitosis: somatic cells
Meiosis: sex cells

29
Q

Sexual reproduction mitosis or meiosis

A

Meiosis

30
Q

Normal karyotype

A

46XY or 46XX

31
Q

Klinefelter’s karyotype

A

47XXY

32
Q

Down syndrome karyotype

A

Extra chromosome pair 21

33
Q

XXX female karyotype

A

47XXX

34
Q

Turners syndrome karyotype

A

45XO

35
Q

What phase is best phase to look at chromosomes

A

Metaphase

36
Q

What do we use to hold chromosomes in metaphase

A

Colchine

37
Q

DNA replication

A

The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a dna molecule. A copy of each strand is synthesized

38
Q

Transcription

A

Information is transcribed from the dna template to mRNA inside the nucleus through the action of the enzyme, RNA polymerase.

39
Q

Translation

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a complex with a ribosome to translate the mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence of a protein. tRNA will bring and connect individual amino acid as are specified by the mRNA sequence.

40
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The main enzyme involved in the replication of dna

41
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes hold the RNA of a cell

42
Q

tRNA

A

Binds to mRNA strand with amino acid at one end and an anticodon at the other end. Transfers at rna

43
Q

Codon

A

3 bases on mRNA that code for amino acid.

44
Q

Anticodon

A

Each tRNA has three unpaired bases

45
Q

What does a restriction enzyme do

A

Recognize specific nucleotide sequences on a dna strand, bind to it, and then to cut the DNA between the bases.

Biology (4 decks)

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