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biology 1115 > bio lab final > Flashcards

bio lab final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of photosynthesis?

A

captures the energy of sunlight that constantly streams in from outside our planet and converts this energy into more easily usable forms of complex organic compounds known as carbohydrates/sugars
all living things depend on t the organic molecules made by these organisms

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2
Q

what organisms do photosynthesis

A

plants, algae and cyanobacteria

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3
Q

what organisms perform cellular respiration or fermentation of both

A

all organisms

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4
Q

what is the role of cellular respiration and fermentation?

A

these are metabolic pathways by which the energy from organic compounds can be released and converted into ATP. This molecule cells use directly to fuel cellular processes

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5
Q

what is the summary equation for cellular respiration

A

glucose + O2 —-> CO2 + H2O + energy

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6
Q

where do the different steps of cellular respiration occur

A

glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, Acetyl CoA synthesis happens in the mitochondrial matric, citric acid cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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7
Q

what are the 4 steps in cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, Acetyl Co-A synthesis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

what does glycolysis produce

A

ATP, NADH (ETC) and heat

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9
Q

what does acetyl co A synthesis produce

A

CO2

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10
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A

NADH, FADH, CO2 and heat

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11
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation produce

A

O2 and heat

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12
Q

why does blowing into water change the pH?
why is this dangerous in the body and how does our body handle it?

A

because CO2 reacts with water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3)

It’s dangerous because changes in pH can denature proteins that keep us alive. Our bodies have a bicarbonate buffer system to maintain pH. our kidneys make HCO3 to react with the extra H+

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13
Q

why does your heart and breathing go up when exercising but your O2 saturation levels stay the same

A

our heart rate goes up because we want to get oxygen to our tissues faster. as we increase our ventilation it allows for oxygen to be more available to red blood cells

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14
Q

products of fermentation in humans vs yeast

A

humans produce ATP, we also produce lactic acid. products of test fermentation are CO2 and ethanol (ferme

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15
Q

in experiment with sugar and yeast vs yeast. both have tubes which one has CACO3 present

A

the one with yeast and sucrose rather than just sucrpse

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16
Q

what is primary productivity?

A

the production of organic compounds by photosynthesis

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17
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + energy/ sunlight —-> Glucose + O2

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18
Q

what two colours of light are absorbed by chlorophyll

A

blue and red

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19
Q

what is the result of meosis

A

the parent cell was originally haploid, but the products are haploid

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20
Q

describe the structure of a chloroplast

A

photosynthetic pigments are embedded in the thylakoid membrane organized into grana. The fluid surrounding the grana is the stroma

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21
Q

what pigment in leaves was extracted by alcohol in the heating experiment.

why did only one react with starch

A

chlorophyll
because the one in the dark couldn’t photosynthesize. so it used up it’s glucose storage to stay alive

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22
Q

what compound is stored in a photosynthesizing leaf? where?

A

starch which is found in the chloroplasts

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23
Q

tell me about interphase

A

made of G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

S phase is where DNA replication occurs

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24
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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25
Q

mitosis vs cytokinesis

A

mitosis is the process by which a nucleus is divided to produce two daughter nuclei identical in genetic material.

cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm which completes the separation and two new cells

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26
Q

is cytokinesis a part of mitosis

A

no, happens during late anaphase / early telophase

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27
Q

where does cell division occur in plants

A

the apical meristem

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28
Q

what is the cambium?

A

a region of actively dividing cells that can also produce new plant tissue for lateral growth

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29
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

30
Q

what happens during prophase

A

the chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes. Each chromatid pair (sister chromatid) is held together at centromere. The spindle forms, the nuclear membrane fragments and the nucleoli dissapear.

31
Q

metaphase

A

the chromosomes form a line across the middle of the cell called the equatorial plane or plate. chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers at the centromere, which are aligned at the equatorial plane, the spindle fibers appear to originate from the opposite end of the cells (poles)

32
Q

anaphase

A

the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart at the centromeres by the spindle microtubules and move to opposite poles. (once separated are called chromosomes again)

33
Q

telophase

A

the chromosomes have reached the poles and the spindle begins to disappears as the nuclear membrane re-forms around each mass of uncoiling chromosomes.

in plant cells, a cell plate is formed as vesicles produced by the golgi co plex line up across the equatorial plate and begin to fuse together. Cellulose accumulates in the space between the membranes of the cell plate to form the new cell walls. Eventually the cell plate fusese with the plasma membrane and 2 new cells produces

34
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

have the same length, centromere is in the same position and they posses genes for the same traits. (one from mom and one from dad) diploid cell 2n

35
Q

what is a cleavage furrow?

A

indentation in the membrane deepens progressively as a ring of microfilaments surrounding the equatorial plane contracts, eventually resulting in the formation of 2 daughter cells

35
Q

what are centrioles?

A

formed from proteins and microtubules and are rarely found in plants. the centrioles separate in early prophase and microtubules appear to radiate out from them forming the spindle and two star like asters

36
Q

what happens after fertilization?

A

a zygote is produced which is now diploid

37
Q

what happens in meiosis I

A

carefully matches up the pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell in a process called synopsis then pulls them apart to produce 2 haploid cells

38
Q

what happens is meiosis II

A

similar to mitosis. each chromosome starts meiosis with 2 chromatids these are pulled apart during meiosis II. when both stages are done there are 4 daughter cells

39
Q

what happens in prophase I

A

each chromosome is made of 2 chromatids held together are centrometer. homologous chromosomes pair in a process called synopsis. paired chromosomes coil around each other and cross-over occurs.

the spindle microtubules form and attach to the centromere of the short, thick chromosomes, nucleoli and nuclear membrane dissapear

40
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

in the testes and ovaries

41
Q

what happens in metaphase I

A

the homologous pairs are moved to the centre of the cell by the microtubules with their centromeres on either side of the equatorial plane

42
Q

what happens in anaphase I

A

the homologous pairs are pulled apart and each homologue, consisting of sister chromatids is then moved to opposite poles. At this point, each individual chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids

note: maternal and paternal chromosomes go to dif poles

43
Q

what is a reductional division?

A

the total number of chromosomes in each cell will be reduced by half

44
Q

what happens in telophase I

A

the chromosomes of the two daughter nuclei are grouped at opposite poles

the chromosomes uncoil and pass into interkinesis, similar to mitotic interphase. During interkinesis, however, no DNA replication occurs and cytokinesis may or may not take place. Each daughter nucleis is now haploid even though each chromosome is composed of a pair of sister chromatids

45
Q

what happens in meoisis II

A

the second meiotic division is an equational division (the total number of chromosomes per cell doesn’t change. end with 4 haploid cells

46
Q

what is spermatogenesis and where does it occur

A

production of sperm which happens in the seminiferous tubules. one diploid cell produces 4 haploid sperm cells

47
Q

what is oogenesis and where does it occur

A

production of an egg which occurs in the ovary. where a diploid cell undergoes meiosis to produce a single haploid egg and three polar bodies. disintegrate while the egg released during ovulation

48
Q

what is the alternation of generations?

A

plant life cycle where meiosis and fertilization alternate.

49
Q

what happens when plants do meiosis. what happens when spores mature

A

sporogenesis where plants produce haploid spores. they make gametes by mitosis

50
Q

what is a sporophyte? what is a gametophyte? how do they differ?

A

a diploid, spore-producing plant. a gametophyte is a gamete-producing plant.

differ in appearance as well as chromosome number

51
Q

what do ferns have?

A

the large green fronds are made of the diploid sporophyte generation of this plant. during reproductive season meiosis occurs in specialized spore containers found in the underside of leaves called sporangia. Sporangia are organized into clusters called sori (singular is sorus)

52
Q

archegonia vs antheridia

A

archegonia are structures that produce eggs

antheridia produce sperm

53
Q

what organelle is present in animal cells but not plant cells

A

centrioles

54
Q

how to draw the gene map

A
55
Q

what kind of organisms should we use for genetic studies

A

organisms with short life spans that produce lots of offspring and have few genes. like fruit flies

56
Q

what is a monohybrid cross?

A

a cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the character that we are interested in following

57
Q

how do you calculate the number of heterozygous genes

A

2 to the power of n

58
Q

what does a gene tree look like with a recessive gene

A

neither of the parents have it (doesn’t show up), but the child does

59
Q

what does a gene tree with a recessive gene look like

A

neither of the parents have the trait but their kid does

60
Q

phenotype vs genotype

A

phenotype are the physical traits genotype refers to the genes that code for that trait. we usually use lowercase and uppercase letters to represent. (Bb)

61
Q

what is a sex-linked trait?

A

a trait the may be carried on sex chromosome

62
Q

what is an autosome

A

a non- sex chromosome

63
Q

heterozygous vs homozygous recessive

A

Aa, aa

64
Q

homozygous dominant vs heterozygous

A

AA, Aa

65
Q

antibodies vs antigens

A

antibodies are defensive proteins that can recognize and bind to foreign substances

substances that elicit an antibody response are called antigens

66
Q

type A antigens vs antibodies

A

have A antigens and b antibodies

67
Q

type O antigens vs antibodies

A

has no antigens has both a and b antigens

68
Q

when testing blood and it agglutinates what does it mean

A

that you have that antigen in your blood. A blood type will agglutinate with A serum

69
Q

how do we show blood phenotypes

A

i for recessive IA for dominant

biology 1115 (4 decks)

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