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Bio Lab Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Why stain a slide?

A

To improve contrast

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1
Q

Wicking a slide

A

Absorb liquid by capillary action

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2
Q

Where are human epithelial cells found?

A

Surface of internal cheek

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3
Q

Heredity

A

Passing of traits from generation to generation

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristic

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6
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram of transmission of a genetic trait through several generations

  • gives a clue to traits in future offspring
  • help determine odds of offspring having dangerous gene
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7
Q 
Pedigree legend:
How are the following represented?
1. Individual
2. Generation
3. Male
4. Female
5. The trait being studied
A
  1. Number
  2. Roman numeral
  3. Square
  4. Circle
  5. Shaded
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8
Q

What were the taste test papers used?

A

PTC and sodium benzoate

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9
Q

What is the equation to calculate genotype frequencies?

A

AA + Aa + aa = 1.0

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10
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

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11
Q

What represents allele frequency of the dominant allele?

A

p

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12
Q

What represents genotype frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype?

A

AA

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13
Q

What are 3 of the contradictions for the hardy Weinberg principle?

A
  1. Very large population
  2. No gene flow
  3. No mutations
  4. Random mating
  5. No natural selection
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14
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in genotype a of a population

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15
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Amount a population can hold

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16
Q

Do large or small populations affect genetic drift more?

A

Small

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17
Q

Bottlenecks

A

Crashes in population size

- random selection for phenotypes

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18
Q

Micro evolution

A

Change in gene pool over many generations

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19
Q

Typical science paper includes?

A
  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Materials and methods
  4. Results
  5. Discussion
  6. References
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20
Q

Table format:

Name 4

A
  1. Numbered
  2. Caption
  3. Units
  4. ONLY horizontal lines
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21
Q

Graph format:

Name 4

A
  1. Numbered
  2. Caption
  3. Labeled axis
  4. Large symbols
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22
Q

References format:

Name 3

A
  1. Alphabetical
  2. Only full last name and initials
  3. Journal titles - only first word capital
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23
Q

Name 2 protist super groups

A
  1. Excavata
  2. Chromalveolata
  3. Archaeplastida
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24
Q

Derived characterstics of plants moving to land

A
  1. Alternation of generation
  2. Multicellular Dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores made in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical meristems
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25
Q

Female gametangia

A

Archegonia

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26
Q

Male gemetangia

A

Antheridia

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27
Q

Haploid or diploid?

  • gemetophyte
  • zygote
  • Spores
A
  • haploid
  • diploid
  • haploid
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28
Q

What produce gametes in plants?

A

Gametophyte

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29
Q

Gametes fuse to form what?

A

Zygote

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30
Q

What to zygote grow to form in plants?

A

Sporophyte

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31
Q

Is the process of sporophytes producing spores meiosis or mitosis?

A

Meiosis

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32
Q

What do spores make when they get to a new location?

A

Gametophyte

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33
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce spores
Spores develop into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ form gametes
Gametes unite forming a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ develop into \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Sporophyte, gametophyte, , gametophyte, zygote, zygote, sporophyte

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34
Q

Sporangium purpose

A

Protect spores until ready to be released

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35
Q

What are spores covered with?

How are they moved?

A

Sporopellenin

Wind

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36
Q

Where on the plant are apical meristems and what do they do?

A

Tips of roots and shoot. They continuously grow.

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37
Q

Bryophytes:

  1. Seed or seedless?
  2. Vascular or non-vascular?
A

Seedless, non vascular

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38
Q

Seed purpose

A

Protects mature plant embryo, contains food supply

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39
Q

The two types of seed plants?

A

Gymnosperm, angiosperm

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40
Q

Names of male and female gametophytes

A

Male: pollen grain
Female: ovule

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41
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Water and nutrients

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42
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Photosynthetic products

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43
Q

What type of seed plants are flowers and fruit found?

A

Angiosperm

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44
Q

Where are cotyledons found?

A

Seeds (they are leaves on seeds)

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45
Q

Types of angiosperm

A

Monocot and dicot (eudicot)

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46
Q

Are there usually more stomata above leaf or under leaf? Why?

A

Under because less water will evaporate out and dry out leaf

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47
Q

Why do stomata open and close and what is the name of the cell that regulated this?

A

Open - filled with water; close - no water; guard cells

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48
Q

What are the structures in cytoplasm that help plants determine which way is up?

A

Statoliths

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49
Q

When is dormancy in tree growth?

A

Winter

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50
Q

What grow during primary growth?

A

Root tips

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51
Q

What grow during secondary growth?

A

Diameter

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52
Q

Where is secondary xylem and phloem?

A

Secondary xylem: inside of tree

Secondary phloem: outside

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53
Q

Is early or late wood more dense? Which has larger cells?

A

Early wood, early wood

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54
Q

Are animals photo or Hetero tropic?

A

Heterotrophic

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55
Q

What are the two groups of animals?

A

Parazoa (sponges) and eumetazoa (everything else)

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56
Q

3 characteristics to identify eumetazoa

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Tissue organization
  3. Body cavity
  4. Openings to digestive tract
  5. Circulatory system
  6. Organs for respiration
  7. Organs for excretion
  8. Type of locomotion
  9. Support system
  10. Segmentation
  11. Appendages
  12. Type of nervous system
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57
Q

Types of symmetry

A
  1. Radial
  2. Bilateral
  3. Asymmetrical
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58
Q

What are bilateral symmetrical organisms divided into?

A
  1. Protostomes and 2. Deuterostomes
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59
Q

Types of body cavity and describe it

A
  1. Acolomate - no body cavity
  2. Pseudocoelomate - cavity is between endoderm and mesoderm
  3. Eucoelomate - in mesoderm
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60
Q

Types of circulation

A
  1. Open - blood flows through coelomic space and blood vessels
  2. Closed - only through blood vessels
61
Q

Types or respiration

A
  1. Diffusion

2. Special organs like gills, lungs

62
Q

Types of excretion

A
  1. Diffusion

2. Special organs like canals

63
Q

Types of support systems

A
  1. Exoskeleton - outside
  2. Endoskeleton - inside
  3. No skeleton - supported by water
64
Q

Where is the osculum, what phylum is it in?

A

Large opening at one end, phylum Porifera

65
Q

In sponges, how does water enter central cavity? What is the central cavity called?

A

Channels and pores, spongocoel

66
Q

How does water move up central cavity of sponges?

A

Flagella on collar cells which line the cavity beat in sync

67
Q

5 Animal phylums and an example of each

A
  1. Phylum Porifera - sponges
  2. Phylum Cnidaria - hydra ex. Coral
  3. Phylum Platyhelminthes - planarians ex. Flatworms
    Phylum Mollusca - clams
  4. Phylum Annelida - earthworms ex. Leeches
  5. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
68
Q

Two body forms of hydra

A
  1. Umbrella-like, free swimming stage

2. Cylindrical; often grow into colonies

69
Q

What is unique about cnidocytes?

A

They contain a stinging organelle called nematocysts

70
Q

What 4 characteristics do clams have?

A
  1. Hard shell on outside
  2. Mantle
  3. Visceral mass
  4. Muscular foot
71
Q

Are nematoda parasitic

A

Yes

72
Q

Why is it sometimes confusing that Nematoda are highly evolved?

A

They have less parts

73
Q

What are Nematoda body walls made up of?

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Epidermis
  3. Muscle fibers
74
Q

In nematodes, are male or female larger?

A

Female

75
Q

What is a physical difference besides size that is different from male and female nematodes?

A

Makes have a hooked posterior end

76
Q

What is a characteristic of arthropod exoskeletons?

A

They shed

77
Q

Example of an Echinodermata

A

Sea star

78
Q

What is the name for suction cups on sea stars?

A

Tube feet

79
Q

Are animals in the phylum Chordata vertebrate or invertebrates?

A

Vertebrates

80
Q

2 ex of Chordata

A

Lancelet and rats

81
Q

Where is the major site of gas exchange in lancelets?

A

Body surface

82
Q

Mammal characteristics, name 3.

A

Hair, skin with mammary and other glands, skull with 2 holes, movable eyelids, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, milk

83
Q

Body sections or rat

A
  1. Head
  2. Trunk
  3. Neck
    - tail
84
Q

What is a nictitating membrane? What is is found in?

A

A third eyelid that protects eye from debris, prey and dry air.
Reptiles, birds, snakes and some mammals

85
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Sensor art hairs. Whiskers. Helps rat tell if a hole is too small

86
Q

What are incisors?

A

Rats two from teeth, they grow continuously

87
Q

How are rat bones and human bond similar?

A

They are both homologous

88
Q

Regions of stomach of rat

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Fundus
  3. Main body
  4. Pyloric
89
Q

Segments of small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. ileum
90
Q

Large intestine segments

A
  1. Caecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
91
Q

What is known as the voice box?

A

Larynx

92
Q

What is the flap that protects the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

93
Q

The 4 lobes of the lungs

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
  4. Post caval
94
Q

What type or vessel did the blue dye represent? Red dye?

A

Pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary veins

95
Q

Where are bronchioles located?

A

Through the lungs

96
Q

4 chambers of mammal hearts

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Left atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Left ventricle
97
Q

What type of blood does the right atrium receive? From where? What about the left atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood from whole body. Oxygenated blood from lungs.

98
Q

What does the right and left ventricles do?

A

Right - pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Left - pumps oxygenated blood to entire body

99
Q

What is the largest systemic artery in the body?

A

Aorta

100
Q

Two major components of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

101
Q

Two major components of peripheral nervous system

A

Nerve pathways and sensory organs

102
Q

What is the largest part of the rats brain?

A

Cerebrum

103
Q

What are convolutions and why are they helpful?

A

Folds in cerebrum. Increase surface area

104
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates muscular activity and balance

105
Q

What does taxonomy study?

A

Evolutionary, structural, and genetic similarities between life forms

106
Q

About how many species have been identified?

A

1.3 million

107
Q

What is the order of the tree of life?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

108
Q

Name three taxa under consideration

A
  1. Phylum Nematoda - round worm
  2. Phylum Mollusca
  3. Phylum Arthropoda
109
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

Assists in classifying organisms

110
Q

Anterior

A

Head

111
Q

Appendage

A

Limb

112
Q

Articulated

A

Jointed

113
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Can be divided into two halves

114
Q

Bristle

A

Short, stiff hair

115
Q

Calcareous plate

A

Hardened calcium carbonate plate

116
Q

Calcified

A

Hardened by calcium salts

117
Q

Caudal

A

Hind part

118
Q

Cephalized

A

Has a head

119
Q

Cornified

A

Horny substance

120
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal skeleton

121
Q

Exoskeleton

A

External supportive covering

122
Q

gill chamber

A

Chamber containing organs for gas exchange in aquatic animals

123
Q

Gill slits

A

Opening or cleft between gill arches in vertebrates

124
Q

Lateral

A

Sides

125
Q

Marine

A

Sea

126
Q

Medusa

A

Jelly fish

127
Q

Notochord

A

Flexible dorsal support rod

128
Q

Operculum

A

Bony covering of fish gills

129
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

130
Q

Oviparous

A

Producing eggs hat hatch outside body

131
Q

Parasite

A

Benefits from living in, with or on another organism

132
Q

Pectoral

A

Chest area

133
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis area

134
Q

Pentaradial symmetry

A

Circular with 5 equal parts

135
Q

Podium

A

Foot

136
Q

Polyp

A

Hollow cylindrical body with a mouth surrounded by tentacles

137
Q

Posterior

A

Tail or anus end

138
Q

Radial symmetrical

A

Circular body plan

139
Q

Radula

A

Horny band of teeth often found in molluscs

140
Q

Segmentation

A

Numerous similar sections

141
Q

Sessile

A

Does not move

142
Q

Spicule

A

Slender, pointed, hard body that supports tissue or various invertebrates

143
Q

Spiracle

A

Breathing hole

144
Q

Sucker

A

Organ or mouth hat animals use for sucking

145
Q

Swim bladder

A

Dorsal air filled sac found in bony fish

146
Q

Viviparous

A

Living young instead of eggs

147
Q

What are the characteristics that distinguish eudicot a from monocot?

A
  1. Cotyledons. mono-1 eudicot-2
  2. Pollen. Mono - 1 pore eudi- 3 pores
  3. Flower parts - m-multiples of 3 e-4 or 5
  4. Leaf veins - m-parallel to length of leaf e-netlike
  5. Stem vascular arrangement - m-scattered bundles e-bundles form circle
  6. Root development - m-fibrous root system e-taproot system
  7. Secondary growth - m-absent e-present
148
Q

Scientific name for shedding skin

A

Ecdysis

149
Q

What is the name of the pouch that separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

A

Cecum

150
Q

Key differences between rat and human digestive system

A
  1. Rat does not have a gall bladder
  2. Rat has an enlarged cecum
  3. Rat has a bile duct

Biology (1 decks)

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