Bio Lab Exam

Question 0

Thymus Gland

Answer 0

The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty.

Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.

Question 1

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 1

Stimulates the release of the Thyroid Hormone.

Question 2

Adrenal Glands

Answer 2

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a wide variety of hormones.[1] They are found on the top of the kidneys and consist of a number of different layers that directly influence the structure and function of the glands.

Question 3

Parathyroid glands

Answer 3

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, variably located on the back of the thyroid gland, although considerable variation exists.

Question 4

Pancreas

Answer 4

The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood.

Question 5

Ovaries

Answer 5

The ovary (From Latin: ovarium, literally “egg” or “nut”) is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in female individuals are analogous to testes in male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.

Question 6

Gonads

Answer 6

The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes, and the gonads in females are the ovaries. The product, gametes, are haploid germ cells. Spermatozoon and egg cells are gametes.

Question 7

Pineal Gland

Answer 7

The pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone, which affects the modulation of sleep patterns in both seasonal and circadian rhythms. Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join.

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

The Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem.
The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst,[1] fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

Question 9

Pituitary Gland

Answer 9

the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain.

Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control: growth, blood pressure, certain functions of the sex organs, thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, water/salt concentration and the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief.

Question 10

Thalamus

Answer 10

The thalamus is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain.

Some of its functions are the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Question 11

Pons

Answer 11

The pons is part of the brainstem, This white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

Question 12

Posterior Lobe

Answer 12

The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and is also a store for the later release of neurohypophysial hormones.

Question 13

Optic Chiasma

Answer 13

The optic chiasm or optic chiasma is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.

The optic nerve fibres on the nasal sides of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm (decussation of medial fibers). The temporal hem-retina, on the other hand, stays on the same side. The inferonasal retina are related to anterior portion of the optic chiasm whereas superonasal retinal fibers are related to the posterior portion of the optic chiasm.

Question 14

Infundibulum

Answer 14

Connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

Question 15

Anterior Lobe

Answer 15

Also called Adenohypophysis
Composed of glandular tissue
Regulated by Hypothalamus

Question 16

Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx

Answer 16

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.

Movement of the cartilage at this joint produces a change in tension at the vocal folds, which in turn produces variation in voice.

Function
The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the front wall of the larynx. It protects the vocal folds (“vocal cords”), which are located directly behind it.

When the angle of the thyroid cartilage changes relative to the cricoid cartilage, this changes the pitch of voice.

Question 17

Right common carotid artery

Answer 17

The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck, and face. There are two carotid arteries, one on the right and one on the left. In the neck, each carotid artery branches into two divisions: The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain.

Question 18

Right lobe of thyroid gland

Answer 18

The trachea, colloquially called windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx.

Question 19

Isthmus of thyroid gland

Answer 19

the central part of the thyroid gland joining the two lateral lobes.

Question 20

Apex of Left Lung

Answer 20

The apex of the lung is the rounded upper part of the human lung. It extends into the root of the A sulcus, produced by the subclavian artery as it curves in front of the pleura, runs upward and lateralward immediately below the apex. It is positioned above the lobes and is partly responsible for filtering the air.

Question 21

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 21

Targets- Bone & Kidneys

Raises blood calcium level by causing calcium to be removed from bone and reabsorbed by the kidney

Question 22

Jugular vein

Answer 22

The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava.

The left and right external jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins more medially to form the brachiocephalic veins. Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

Question 23

Chief Cells

Answer 23

Parathyroid chief cells (also called parathyroid principal cells or simply parathyroid cells) are cells in the parathyroid glands which produce parathyroid hormone.

The end result of increased secretion by the chief cells of a parathyroid gland is an increase in the serum level of Calcium. Parathyroid chief cells constitute one of the few cell types of the body that regulate intracellular calcium levels as a consequence of extracellular (or serum) changes in calcium concentration.

Question 24

Adrenal Glands

Answer 24

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a wide variety of hormones.[1] They are found on the top of the kidneys and consist of a number of different layers that directly influence the structure and function of the glands. Each gland has an outer cortex made of steroid-producing cells surrounding a core of medulla, formed by chromaffin cells in direct relationship with the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex is divided into three zones according to their functions and microscopic appearance

Question 25

Medulla

Answer 25

The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is the part of the brainstem that is situated between the pons and the spinal cord. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic (involuntary) functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 26

Vena Cava

Answer 26

The inferior vena cava (or IVC), also known as the posterior vena cava,[1] is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.

It is posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs alongside of the vertebral column on its right side (i.e. it is a retroperitoneal structure). It enters the right atrium at the lower right, back side of the heart.

Function
Transport blood rich in carbon dioxide from the lower half of the body to the right atrium.

Question 27

Kidney

Answer 27

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates. They remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste products of metabolism. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove water soluble wastes, which are diverted to the bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, the last of which indirectly acts on the kidney in negative feedback.

Question 28

Aorta

Answer 28

The aorta is the main artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.

The aorta supplies all of the systemic circulation, which means that the entire body, except for the respiratory zone of the lung, gets its blood from the aorta. Broadly speaking, branches from the ascending aorta supply the heart; branches from the aortic arch supply the head, neck and arms; branches from the thoracic descending aorta supply the chest (excluding the heart and the respiratory zone of the lung); and branches from the abdominal aorta supply the abdomen. The pelvis and legs get their blood from the common iliac arteries.

Question 29

Adrenal gland cortex

Answer 29

The adrenal cortex—the outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones
The adrenal cortex produces two main groups of corticosteroid hormones—glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. The release of glucocorticoids is triggered by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Mineralcorticoids are mediated by signals triggered by the kidney.

Question 30

GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
MSH
PRL
OXT 
ADH

Answer 30

What the letters stand for…
●TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
●ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
●FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
●LH: luteinizing hormone
●GH: growth hormone
●PRL: prolactin
●MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
●ADH: antidiuretic hormone
●Oxytocin

Question 31

Pulmonary Valve

Answer 31

The pulmonic valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. It is a one-way valve. Blood cannot flow back into the heart through it. The valve is opened by the increased blood pressure of the ventricular systole, pushing blood out of the heart and into the artery. It closes when the pressure drops inside the heart. It is located in the right ventricle of the heart.

Question 32

Aortic Valve

Answer 32

The aortic valve is one of the two semilunar valves of the heart, the other being the pulmonary valve. The heart has four valves and the other two are the mitral and the tricuspid valves. The aortic valve normally has three cusps or leaflets, although in 1-2% of the population it is found to congenitally have two leaflets.[1] It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Question 33

Mitral Valve

Answer 33

The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve) is a dual-flap (bi- from the Latin, meaning double, and mitral- from the Latin, meaning shaped like a mitre) valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). The mitral valve (not to be confused with the congenital bicuspid aortic valve) and the tricuspid valve are known collectively as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles of the heart and control the flow of blood.

Question 34

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 34

The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

The function of the valve is to prevent back flow of blood into the right atrium.

Question 35

Carotid Artery

Answer 35

In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.

Question 36

Radial Artery

Answer 36

the radial artery is the main artery of the lateral aspect of the forearm