Bio Lab Exam Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

Science

A

the orderly process of posing and answering questions about the natural world through repeated and unbiased experiments and observations

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2
Q

Steps of the scientific method:

A

Make observations
testable questions
Formulate hypothesis
gather data
Quantify the data
Test the hypothesis
Refine hypotheses and retest
Answer the questions and make conclusions

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation for a phenomena that can be tested
A statement that clearly states the relationship between biological variables

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4
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables

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5
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that states there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables

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6
Q

What is a standardized variable

A

The variables that are maintained as constant in all treatments

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7
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

The variable that depends on other factors

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8
Q

What is an independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

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9
Q

Why is it important to include a control group in an experiment

A

Without a control group, it would be impossible to determine what is changing in the experiment, or what the outcome is

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10
Q

What is accuracy in measurements

A

A group of measurements refers to how closely the measured values agree with the true or correct values

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11
Q

What is precision in measurements

A

Refers to how closely the measurements agree with eachother, regardless of their accuracy

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12
Q

Condensor lens:

A

focuses light from the light source onto the specimen

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13
Q

Ocular

A

the two eye piece lenses (binocular) or one eye piece lens (monocular)

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14
Q

Stage

A

secures the glass slide one which the specimen is mounted

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15
Q

Coarse adjustment knob:

A

allows for quick focusing by moving the stage up and down (initial focusing)

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16
Q

Fine adjustment knob:

A

slow but precise control used to fine focus the image when viewing at higher

17
Q

Parts of the stereoscope microscope used to what

A

view objects that are opaque or too large to see with a compound microscope
Larger working distance

18
Q

Depth of Field:

A

The thickness of the object in sharp focus

19
Q

Resolving power:

A

Measured by its ability to differentiate two lines or points in an object
greater the resolving power, the smaller the minimum distance between two lines or points that can still be distinguished

20
Q

Working distance:

A

The distance between the objective lens and specimen

21
Q

Features of prokaryote cells:

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria are prokaryotes
Do not contain a membrane bound nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles
The cytoplasm of prokaryotes is enclosed in a plasma membrane covered by a gelly like capsule
Flagella and pili are common in prokaryotes
Flagella: used for movement
Pilli: used to attach some types of bacteria to surfaces or to exchange genetic material with other bacteria
Within the cytoplasm are ribosomes and nueceloid regions

22
Q

Features of eukaryote cells:

A

Structurally more complex than prokaryotic cells
Robsomes, cell membrane are two similar features between the two
They contain membrane bound nuclei and other organelles
Cytoplasms forms the matrix of the cell and is contained by the plasma membrane
Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells
The site of photosynthesis in plant cells are green because they contain chlorophyll
Mitochondria are organelles found in plant and animal cells
Where aerobic respiration occurs
All material and organelles contained by the plasma membrane are collectively called the protoplast

23
Q

Plant Cells:

A

Most mature plants contain large central vacuoles, which occupy most of the volume of the cell
Cytoplasm is often thin layer between the vacuole and the plasma membrane
The cytoplasm contains the cells organelles
They have chloroplasts which is where photosynthesis takes place

24
Q

Animal Cells:

A

Cells are surrounded by a bilayered plasma membrane containing phospholipids and proteins
The nucleus houses chromosomal DNA and is surrounded by a double membraned nuclear envelope
Central vacuole is the site that provides storage; regulation of cell volume
Chromatin is a complex protein and DNA

25
Primary functions of organelles:
Organelles are subcellular structures that have one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell Energy production Building proteins and secretions Destroying toxins Reponds to external signals Membranous organelles possess their own plasma membrane Nonmembranous organelles are not surrounded by a plasma membrane, and most non membranous are part of the cytoskeleton Filaments, mictrotubules, and centrioles
26
Cyanobacteria:
these are prokaryotes They lack a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum
27
Gloeocapsa:
Ribosomes
28
What are the properties of an acid:
Molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water Acids increase the concentration of H+ in a solution Acids neutralize bases
29
What are the properties of bases:
Molecules that remove H+ from solution Bases decrease the cocnetration of H+ in a solution Bases neutralize acids
30
pH Buffers:
kept relatively constant by buffers, which are mixtures of a weak acid and a weak base that can combine with a strong acid or base to limit changes in pH Buffers absorb excess H+ as the pH decreases or release H+ as the pH increases Buffers minimize changes in pH
31
The building blocks of macromolecules:
Monomers are the building blocks of the four basic macromolecules Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates Amino acids are the monomers of proteins Fatty acids/glycerol are the monomers of lipids Nucleotides are the monomers of DNA
32
What is a brownian movement?
This movement is the random motion of particles that are suspended in a fluid
33
What is the relationship between molecular weight and diffusion?
A lower molecular weight allows for the faster diffusion A higher molecular weight takes longer for diffusion to finish
34
What factors influence/control the rate of diffusion?
Temperature, pressure, size, solubility, concentration gradient
35
What does tonicity mean
The capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering the water content The movement of water into a cell can lead to a hypotonic solution The movement of water out of a cell can lead to a hypertonic solution
36
How does tonicity affect the volume and integrity of cells
It swells and shrinks when placed in hypertonic solution Water will leave the cell
37
Why is osmosis a type of facilitated transport
It has facilitated transport solution and moves in and out through solution(osmosis) without energy
38
How do the effects of tonicity possibly change the appearance of animal and plant cells
The appearance of the animal and plant when placed in hypertonic solution can lose volume and water leaves the cell It will shrink and die