Bio Lab exam Flashcards
Why can plants grow in the salt marshes
mineral nutrients
Why Are the mudflats endangered
agriculture
how does that have an effect on the species living near
This has important consequences for the productivity of marine ecosystems because some species feed in salt marshes at high tide.
Why do some plants grow in different parts the salt marshes
Because of differences in elevation and tidal movements, there are marked gradients in salinity and flooding and different species specialize and dominate on different parts of this gradient
osmoconformers
the concentration of the extracellular fluid changes when environmental concentration changes
osmoregulators
the extracellular fluid concentration is maintained close to a set point regardless of enviromental concentration.
Marine teleosts
96% of all current fish. When faced with conditions of increasing salinity, the number of chloride cells in the gills actually increases, enabling the fish to pump out more NaCl. When environmental conditions become more dilute, the number of chloride cells decreases.
What cells make mitosis
Diploid
what cells make meiosis
haploid
What are gametes
The haploid products of meiosis
when does meiosis occur
only in specialized germ cells in reproductive parts of the organism
What cells start mitosis
Somatic
Interphase mitosis
DNA replication occurs at this time resulting in chromosomes consisting of attached sister chromatids.
Prophase mitosis
The nuclear membrane dissolves and a spindle of assembled cytoskeletal elements (especially microtubules) begins to form.
Metaphase mitosis
The chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, a plane which bisects the spindle axis at right angles. Spindle fibres connect the chromosome centromeres
Anaphase mitosis
Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the poles and stop moving.
telophase mitosis
meanwhile a new nuclear membrane is forming around the two groups of chromosomes that are at opposite poles. The chromosomes lose their distinctive appearance owing to the disappearance of the coils.
what is an aster
An aster is a radiating cluster of microtubules rranged radially around the centrioles during cell division.
What are chromosomes made of? what are their role
These are composed of nucleoprotein material (chiefly DNA and histone), and contain the genes, which are responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent cells to their offspring. The other half of the chromosome is strings of DNA, which is the genetic information that makes up genes.
what are the main differences between meiosis and mitosis
The process of meiosis involves two successive cell divisions; each of the resulting four cells has the haploid. mitosis results in two identical twin cells that are 2n
what are two differences between plant and animal cells
Animal cells in the interphase possess a centriole
Cytoplasmic division in animal cells is accomplished through a cleavage furrow, not a cell plate as in plants.
What is the difference between ‘2n’ and ‘n’.
2n ; 46 chromosomes
n; 23 chromosomes
At the end of meiosis 1 are the two daughter cells haploid or diploid?
diploid
9) Why is it advantageous (to the organism) to have haploid gametes?
haploid (n) cells, one from each parent, fuse to give rise to a zygote (2n) that will develop into a new organism. If the fusing parent cells were diploid (2n), the zygote would be tetraploid (4n).
What is a null hypothesis
The null hypothesis represents random chance.
What is an alternate hypothesis
product of statistically significant differences to explain why
What does having a low confidence interval mean
There is no significant difference between the mean samples
Describe and implement the steps of the scientific method
Observation → Question → Hypothesis
what is central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
what is spread
Variance
Standard deviation
Confidence limits & confidence intervals
Haphazard sampling
just wander into the forest and measure the circumference
quadrant sampling
Make this point the center of a 5 by 5 meter plot and measure the circumference at breast height of each tree within the quadrat
Plot less method
Have Person 2 measure each tree that appears WIDER than your thumb
Dominant traits/conditions
1) Never skip a generation, 2) All affected children have
affected parents 3) Unaffected parents never have affected children
Recessive traits/conditions
1) Skip generations, 2) Unaffected parents can have affected children
Autosomal
Even split between affected males and affected females
X-Linked
1) Almost all affected individuals will be male, 2) Affected
males cannot pass the allele to their sons
What is the main way Mikmaq traditional knowledge is passed on
Shared among elders, healers or hunters
The word traditional may be problematic. Describe why
Traditional knowledge is not strictly historical or material information. It changes as it gets passed down
Cardiovascular response
In a fight or flight response heart rate increases as well as the strength of the contractions of the heart.
Respiratory response
Respiratory rate increases; as well the depth of breathing increases. Both responses amplify the oxygen intake.
Metabolic response
There is an increase in glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) in muscles and liver to provide extra glucose for muscle cells and to supply glucose
to the blood (to transport to the rest of the body). This results in increased skeletal muscle contraction strength.
What are four help centres
Math and Statistics Help
Biology Help Centre
Chemistry Help Centre
Physics Help Centre
What hormones are released when the mind is under stress
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
, the portion of the brain responsible for regulating the autonomic nervous system
(hypothalamus)
what does the hypothalamus activate during stress
activates the adrenal medulla causing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
