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Biology 1001 > Bio Lab > Flashcards

Bio Lab Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Ocular Lens on a compound light microscope?

A

The lens you look through, usually with 10x magnification.

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2
Q

Q: What are Objective Lenses on a compound microscope?

A

A: Lenses that provide different levels of magnification (typically 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x).

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3
Q

Q: What is the purpose of the Stage on a microscope?

A

A: The platform where the slide is placed

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4
Q

Q: When should you use a Compound Microscope?

A

A: For viewing small, thin, and transparent specimens like cells and bacteria.

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5
Q

Q: When should you use a Stereo Microscope?

A

A: For observing larger, opaque specimens like insects or plant parts.

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6
Q

Q: What is the primary difference between a Compound and a Stereo Microscope?

A

A: A compound microscope offers higher magnification and a 2D view, while a stereo microscope provides a 3D view with lower magnification.

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7
Q

Q: How do you calculate Total Magnification on a microscope?

A

A: Multiply the magnification of the Ocular Lens by the magnification of the Objective Lens.

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8
Q

Q: How do you prepare a Wet Mount Slide?

A

A: Place a drop of water on a slide, add the specimen, and cover with a cover slip at an angle to avoid air bubbles.

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9
Q

Q: What is the proper way to use a Compound Microscope?

A

A: Start at the lowest magnification, use coarse focus to center the specimen, then switch to higher magnifications and use fine focus.

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10
Q

Q: What is the correct method to estimate the size of a cell using a microscope?

A

A: Divide the Field of View Diameter by the number of cells that fit across it.

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11
Q

Q: What are the four classes of Macromolecules?

A

A: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

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12
Q

Q: What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

A: Provide energy and structural support

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13
Q

Q: What test is used to identify reducing sugars?

A

A: Benedict’s Test – positive result changes color from blue to green, yellow, or red.

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14
Q

Q: What does the Iodine Test detect?

A

A: The presence of starch – positive result changes color from yellow-brown to blue-black.

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15
Q

Q: What is the purpose of the Biuret Test?

A

A: To detect proteins (peptide bonds) – positive result changes color from blue to violet.

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16
Q

Q: What does a positive result for the Sudan IV Test indicate?

A

A: The presence of lipids – a red-stained oil layer appears.

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17
Q

Q: What are the monomers of proteins?

A

A: Amino acids.

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18
Q

Q: What is the function of Lipids?

A

A: Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

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19
Q

Q: What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?

A

A: Nucleotides.

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20
Q

Q: What is a typical positive color change in Benedict’s Test for reducing sugars?

A

A: Blue to green, yellow, or red.

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21
Q

Q: Why do you avoid using coarse focus with high-power objectives?

A

A: To prevent damaging the slide or the lens.

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22
Q

Q: What is the role of the Condenser in a microscope?

A

A: Focuses light onto the specimen for better illumination.

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23
Q

Q: What is Diffusion?

A

A: The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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24
Q

Q: What is Osmosis?

A

A: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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25
Q

Q: What are the conditions required for Diffusion to occur?

A

A: A concentration gradient where molecules move from high to low concentration.

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26
Q

Q: What are the conditions required for Osmosis to occur?

A

A: A selectively permeable membrane and a concentration gradient of water.

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27
Q

Q: How can you determine if Osmosis has occurred?

A

A: Measure a change in volume or weight of the cell or container due to water movement.

28
Q

Q: How can you determine if Diffusion has occurred?

A

A: Observe the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low concentration, often visible by color changes or gradients.

29
Q

Q: How do you calculate % Weight Change?

A

% weight change = (final weight - initial weight/initial weight) x 100

30
Q

Q: What are the key components of a Lab Write-up?

A

A: problem, hypothesis, prediction, procedure, discussion, conclusion

31
Q

Q: What is the purpose of the problem in a lab write-up?

A

A: restate directly from the lab Manuel

32
Q

Q: Hypothesis and prediction

A

A:
Hypothesis: an educated guess in the present tense without explanation based on the problem

Prediction: future tense, related to hypothesis. Predict what will happen for each experimental condition with no explanations.

33
Q

Q: What information should be presented in the procedure section of a lab write-up?

A

A: which course, which semester, which lab, which exercise and where to find it all.

34
Q

Q: What is the focus of the Discussion section in a lab write-up?

A

A:
Summary of results,
link to what’s being investigated, interpretation(explain what happened and why), sources of error(human errors don’t count),
if there was a control what was it and if there wasn’t suggest one

35
Q

Q: What should be included in the Conclusion of a lab write-up?

A

A: do your results support you’re hypothesis
Yes: restate hypthesis
NO: state what was found and restate original hypothesis

36
Q

Q: What is the general equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light energy -> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2
Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water.
Products: Glucose and oxygen.

37
Q

Q: What is the general equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2 -> 6CO_2 + 6H_2O +energy(ATP)
Reactants: Glucose and oxygen.
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy).

38
Q

Q: What is the role of light in photosynthesis?
.

A

A: Light provides the energy necessary to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

39
Q

Q: Can respiration occur without light?

A

A: Yes, respiration can occur in both light and dark conditions as it does not require light energy

40
Q

Q: How does the bicarbonate indicator work in experiments related to photosynthesis and respiration?

A

A: It changes color based on the pH level. A decrease in CO₂ (from photosynthesis) raises pH and turns the indicator more purple/red. An increase in CO₂ (from respiration) lowers pH and turns the indicator yellow/orange.

41
Q

Q: What does a color change in the bicarbonate indicator signify?

A

A: A shift in CO₂ concentration, indicating whether photosynthesis (CO₂ uptake) or respiration (CO₂ release) is occurring.

42
Q

Q: How was it determined if photosynthesis and respiration occurred in Experiment I?

A

A: By observing changes in CO₂ concentration using a bicarbonate indicator, indicating whether CO₂ was being consumed (photosynthesis) or produced (respiration).

43
Q

Q: How was photosynthesis verified in Experiment II?

A

A: By measuring changes in CO₂ levels, often indicated by changes in the bicarbonate indicator, and/or observing oxygen production.

44
Q

Q: What do you need to be able to interpret results from photosynthesis and respiration experiments?

A

A: Understand the relationship between CO₂ levels and indicator color changes, and relate them to photosynthetic activity (CO₂ uptake) or respiration (CO₂ release).

45
Q

Q: What are the 6 characteristics used to describe bacterial colonies?

A

A: Shape, Margin (edge), Elevation, Size, Color (Pigmentation), and Texture (Surface appearance).

46
Q

Q: What are the common bacterial shapes?

A

A: Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), and Spirillum (spiral).

47
Q

Q: What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller, simpler structure (e.g., bacteria).

Eukaryotic: Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, larger, more complex (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).

48
Q

Q: How do you make a proper table in lab reports?

A

A: Include a descriptive title, column headings with units, organized data, and consistent formatting.

49
Q

Q: What is oil immersion and why is it used?

A

A: A technique using oil on a slide with a 100x objective lens to increase magnification and resolution. It minimizes light refraction, providing a clearer image of small details.

50
Q

Q: How do you recognize red, brown, and green algae?

A

Red Algae: Typically red or purplish due to phycoerythrin pigment.

Brown Algae: Brownish or olive due to fucoxanthin pigment.

Green Algae: Green because of chlorophyll.

51
Q

Q: What did the Euglena experiment demonstrate about light?

A

A: Euglena moves towards specific wavelengths of light (positive phototaxis) showing preference for light conducive to photosynthesis, indicating behavioral responses based on light color.

52
Q

Q: Identify the structures of Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba, and Algae.

A

Euglena: Flagella, chloroplasts, eyespot.

Paramecium: Cilia, oral groove, macronucleus.

Amoeba: Pseudopodia, contractile vacuole, nucleus.

Algae: Chloroplasts, cell wall, sometimes flagella.

53
Q

Q: What are the sexual and asexual reproductive structures of Zygomycota?

A

Sexual: Zygospores.

Asexual: Sporangia that produce sporangiospores.

54
Q

Q: What are the reproductive structures of Ascomycota?

A

Sexual: Ascospores within asci (sacs).

Asexual: Conidia (asexual spores).

55
Q

Q: What are the reproductive structures of Basidiomycota?

A

A:
• Sexual: Basidiospores on basidia.
• Asexual: Rare, but some have conidia.

56
Q

Q: What is the process of fermentation by yeast?

A

A: Anaerobic conversion of sugars to alcohol and CO₂ by yeast. Key for producing bread, beer, and wine.

57
Q

Q: Why are economically important fungi significant?

A

A: They play a role in food production (yeast), antibiotics (Penicillium), and biodegradation.

58
Q

Q: What are the differences between Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae?

A

A:
• Ectomycorrhizae: Fungi form a sheath around plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake.
• Endomycorrhizae: Fungi penetrate root cells, forming arbuscules, aiding in phosphorus absorption.

59
Q

Q: What formulae are needed for size determination in microscopy?

A

A:
• Length or Width: Measure the field of view and estimate size by the fraction occupied.
• Scale Drawing: Use magnification to convert measurements accurately.
• Cell Size = Field of View Diameter ÷ Number of Cells Across.

60
Q

Q: How do you prepare a well-constructed table for data?

A

A: Follow guidelines with a clear title, labeled columns and rows, include units, and organize data for easy interpretation.

61
Q

Q: What are the key elements of creating graphs in lab reports?

A

A: Title, labeled x-axis and y-axis with units, consistent scales, and a legend if necessary.

62
Q

Q: What are essential points for using a compound light microscope?

A

A:
1. Always start on low power to locate the specimen.
2. Focus using the coarse focus knob on low power.
3. Use the fine focus knob on high power to avoid damage

63
Q

Q: What are the parts of a scientific write-up?

A

A: problem, hypothesis, prediction, procedure, results, discussion, conclusion

64
Q

Q: What should you include in the problem of a scientific write-up?

A

A: restate directly from manual

65
Q

Q: What is the purpose of the hypothesis in a scientific write-up?

A

A: An educated guess in the present tense without explanation based on the problem

Biology 1001 (3 decks)

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