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Biology 102 > Bio Lab 112: Midterms > Flashcards

Bio Lab 112: Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

3 things that must occur for Natural Selection

A
  1. Individual variation: trait must vary between individual
  2. Variation from the first individual results in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce
  3. Trait variations are inherited: favorable traits are passed to offspring, making them better able to survive
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2
Q

3 types of natural selection

A

stabilizing: the average is selected
directional: one extreme is selected
disruptive: both extremes are selected

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3
Q

Define independent variable

A

independent variable: the variable that can be manipulated by scientist; horizontal/x axis

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4
Q

Define Dependent variable

A

Dependent variable: the measured outcome; vertical/ y axis

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5
Q

Define Key

A

Key: identifies the diff. symbols on a graph

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6
Q

Define Legend

A

Legend: descriptive caption about a graph

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7
Q

Define Adaptations

A

Adaptations: traits that evolve by natural selection to answer specific problems

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8
Q

Define Species diversity

A

Species diversity: results from separate populations by one species taking diff. evolutionary paths

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9
Q

Define Evolutionary change

A

evolutionary change: change in the frequency of genetics traits in a POPULATION of a species

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10
Q

Do species undergo evolutionary change?

A

No, species don’t; the POPULATION of a species do

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11
Q

Define ingroup

A

the group of species on a phylogeny tree that is being studied

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12
Q

Define outgroup

A

The ancestors very closely related to the ingroup, but not part of it

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13
Q

Define ancestral trait

A

one inherited trait from ancestor that’s unchanged

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14
Q

Define derived trait

A

trait that is changed from the ancestor

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15
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Same trait evolves more than once, independently

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16
Q

Define reversal

A

trait undergoes change from derived back to ancestral

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17
Q

Define shared ancestral trait

A

ancestral traits in some in outgroup and some of ingroup

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18
Q

Define shared derived trait

A

derived traits in more than one ingroup but none in outgroup.

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19
Q

What are shared derived traits useful for?

A

hypothesizing phylogentic relationships

20
Q

How to find the fields of view with constants

A

If given field of view at a specific magnification,
C= (field of view) x (magnification)

Next find the field of view at another magnification:
Field of view= C divided by magnification

21
Q

What’s flagellum?

A

long, flexible, hair-like structures that promotes swimming

22
Q

What’s cillia?

A

multiple short, flagellum

23
Q

What’s Psuedopodia?

A

Long flexible extensions of cytoplasm that help with movement

24
Q

What’s the difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane?

A
  • Cell wall gives organisms a fixed shape

- Cell membrane allows organism to be more flexible

25
What phylum are Sponges?
Phylum: Proifera
26
What components make up the phylum Proifera (Sponges)?
No classes Choanocytes: special cells that filter food from water Spicules: skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), silcon dioxide, and proteins. (they're the spiky looking things) Body Cavity: None; Acelomates Symmetry: Radial Tissue Layers: None Body Segmentation Cephalization: none Digestive System: none (filter feeders) Skeleton: endoskeleton *Spicules are either monoaxon(needle shaped) or triaxon (has 3 rays)
27
What components make up the phylum Cnidaria(jellyfish, sea anemone, coral)?
Body Forms: polyp (elongated) or medusa (umbrella-like) Cnidocytes: stinging cells clustered on tentacles to catch food Planula larve: free swimming and ciliated (covered in tiny hairs), made from fertilized eggs Body Cavity: None; Acelomates Symmetry: Radial Tissue Layers: 2 (endoderm, ectoderm) Body Segmentation: absent Cephalization: none or indistinct Digestive System: cavity Skeleton: Hydrostatic (uses water to move around)
28
Identify parts of the Cnidaria scyphozoa (jellyfish)
This is seen in a top view... Middle of Scypozoa: Gonads, Gastric Tract, Mouth, Oral Arms(large) Outer region parts: Radial Canals, Tentacles (small and hair like), Ring Canal
29
Identify the Cnidaria Hydroza
The Cnidaria Hydroza has a genus named Obelia. The Obelia has Feeding Polyps(has tentacles on them) and a Reproductive Polyp (fat, sausage looking thing with red stuff in it)
30
What species are in the Cnidaria Anthozoa ?
sea anemone and coral
31
Identify components of the phylum Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Body Cavity: None: Acelomates Symmetry: bilateral Tissue Layers: 3 (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) Body segmentation: absent Cephalization: distinct (They have a head!!) Digestive system: none or cavity (wut?) Skeleton: hydrostatic
32
Identify components of the Phylum Annelida (earthworms and marine worms)
Coelom condition: present Symmetry: bilateral Tissue layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) Body Segmentation: present Cephalization: indistinct (earthworm) or distinct (marine worm) Digestive system: complete (they're coelomates!!) Skeleton: Hydrostatic
33
Identify the Annelida Oligochaeta
This is the earthworm. It has a clitellum (specialized reproductive segment that's about 1/3 of the way away from the head). They also have short bristles on each body segment
34
Identify the Annelida Polychaeta
- Has 4 eyespots - Has a prostomium (the 1st segment) and a perisotomium (the 2nd segment) - Has cirri (tentacle-like things on peristomium) - Has parapodia (little feet)
35
Identify the phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squids.
``` True coelom Symmetry: bilateral Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) Body segmentation: reduced or absent Cephalization: indistinct(bivalves): more distinct(cephalopods) Digestive system complete Skeleton: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 3 MAJOR STRUCTURES: FOOT, MANTLE, VISCERAL MASS ```
36
Identify the parts of the Mollusca Bivalva
These are clams, fresh water mussels, and oysters As for the mussel, there are some things to know about its anatomy. External features: Hinge, Umbo, and Growth Lines Internal anatomy: Mantle, Foot, Visceral mass, Labial palps, Gills, Posterior Adductor Muscle *Again the most important thing to know is the location of the foot, Visceral mass, and the Mantle
37
Identify the Mollusca Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
Mantle, Fins, Water Jet, Arms, Tentacles, Suckers
38
Identify the Mollusca Gastropoda (snail, slug)
Know that their shells are either Sinistral (opens left) or Dextral (opens right)
39
Identify the Phylum Nemotoda (roundworms)
``` Body Cavity: Psudocoelomates Symmetry: Bilateral Tissue Layer: 3 Body Segmentation: absent Cephalization: indistinct Digestive system: complete Skeleton: external cuticle ```
40
What's the difference between a male Nematoda Ascaris and a female one
the female nematode is much larger and the male is smaller with a hooked tail
41
Identify the Phylum Arthropoda (crayfish, spiders, insects)
``` True Coelom Symmetry: Bilateral Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) Body Segmentation: present Cephalization: distinct Digestive System: complete Skeleton: exoskeleton Body cavity sometimes called hemocoel: no capillaries and the entire cavity and interanl organs are bathed in blood (open circulatory system) ```
42
Identify parts of the Arthropoda Crustacea
have an abdomen (which house the telson, uropod, pleopods( swimmers), have an Cephalothorax (which has the carapace, periopods 2-5, and the rostrum) Have compound eyes; a 1st Periopod (pincer) and a 2nd Periopod; and a 1st and 2nd Antenna
43
How to tell the difference between a male and female crayfish?
If the pleopods(swimmers) are the same size, then it's a female. If some are bigger than the others, then it's a male.
44
Identify the Arthropoda Arachnida (spiders).
chelicerae: "fangs" pedipalps: leg-like appendages near mouth no compound eyes (can move around), but has 6 to 8 simple eyes (stationary/ fixed position)
45
Identify Arthropoda Insceta
Body segments: head, thorax, abdomen | Only head and thorax have appendages
46
Identify the Phylem Echinodermata (sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers).
True coelom Symmetry: radial Tissue Layers: 3 (you know the drill) Body segment: mostly/ absent Cephalization: none Digestive system: complete Skeleton: hydrostatic (water vascular system); Endo and Exoskeleton(CaCo3 plates act as both) Deuterostome developmental pattern (blastopore becomes anus) Water Vasular System: movement, support, hydrostatic pressure, respiratory system, waste elimination (waste enters through medreporite, muscular bulbs provide pressure that moves the tube feet)
47
Aquarium Specimen Guide 2016
Pencil Urchin Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea Starburst polyp coral Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Brittle star Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Ophiuroidea Kenya tree coral Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Emerald crab (but not green) Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Apistasia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Turban snail Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Sea cumber Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea Barnacles Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Stomatella Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Clam Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Mushroom coral Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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