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Biology 102 > Bio Lab 112: Midterms > Flashcards

Bio Lab 112: Midterms Flashcards

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1
Q

3 things that must occur for Natural Selection

A
  1. Individual variation: trait must vary between individual
  2. Variation from the first individual results in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce
  3. Trait variations are inherited: favorable traits are passed to offspring, making them better able to survive
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2
Q

3 types of natural selection

A

stabilizing: the average is selected
directional: one extreme is selected
disruptive: both extremes are selected

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3
Q

Define independent variable

A

independent variable: the variable that can be manipulated by scientist; horizontal/x axis

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4
Q

Define Dependent variable

A

Dependent variable: the measured outcome; vertical/ y axis

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5
Q

Define Key

A

Key: identifies the diff. symbols on a graph

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6
Q

Define Legend

A

Legend: descriptive caption about a graph

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7
Q

Define Adaptations

A

Adaptations: traits that evolve by natural selection to answer specific problems

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8
Q

Define Species diversity

A

Species diversity: results from separate populations by one species taking diff. evolutionary paths

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9
Q

Define Evolutionary change

A

evolutionary change: change in the frequency of genetics traits in a POPULATION of a species

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10
Q

Do species undergo evolutionary change?

A

No, species don’t; the POPULATION of a species do

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11
Q

Define ingroup

A

the group of species on a phylogeny tree that is being studied

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12
Q

Define outgroup

A

The ancestors very closely related to the ingroup, but not part of it

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13
Q

Define ancestral trait

A

one inherited trait from ancestor that’s unchanged

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14
Q

Define derived trait

A

trait that is changed from the ancestor

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15
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Same trait evolves more than once, independently

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16
Q

Define reversal

A

trait undergoes change from derived back to ancestral

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17
Q

Define shared ancestral trait

A

ancestral traits in some in outgroup and some of ingroup

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18
Q

Define shared derived trait

A

derived traits in more than one ingroup but none in outgroup.

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19
Q

What are shared derived traits useful for?

A

hypothesizing phylogentic relationships

20
Q

How to find the fields of view with constants

A

If given field of view at a specific magnification,
C= (field of view) x (magnification)

Next find the field of view at another magnification:
Field of view= C divided by magnification

21
Q

What’s flagellum?

A

long, flexible, hair-like structures that promotes swimming

22
Q

What’s cillia?

A

multiple short, flagellum

23
Q

What’s Psuedopodia?

A

Long flexible extensions of cytoplasm that help with movement

24
Q

What’s the difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane?

A
  • Cell wall gives organisms a fixed shape

- Cell membrane allows organism to be more flexible

25
Q

What phylum are Sponges?

A

Phylum: Proifera

26
Q

What components make up the phylum Proifera (Sponges)?

A

No classes
Choanocytes: special cells that filter food from water
Spicules: skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), silcon dioxide, and proteins. (they’re the spiky looking things)
Body Cavity: None; Acelomates
Symmetry: Radial
Tissue Layers: None
Body Segmentation
Cephalization: none
Digestive System: none (filter feeders)
Skeleton: endoskeleton
*Spicules are either monoaxon(needle shaped) or triaxon (has 3 rays)

27
Q

What components make up the phylum Cnidaria(jellyfish, sea anemone, coral)?

A

Body Forms: polyp (elongated) or medusa (umbrella-like)
Cnidocytes: stinging cells clustered on tentacles to catch food
Planula larve: free swimming and ciliated (covered in tiny hairs), made from fertilized eggs
Body Cavity: None; Acelomates
Symmetry: Radial
Tissue Layers: 2 (endoderm, ectoderm)
Body Segmentation: absent
Cephalization: none or indistinct
Digestive System: cavity
Skeleton: Hydrostatic (uses water to move around)

28
Q

Identify parts of the Cnidaria scyphozoa (jellyfish)

A

This is seen in a top view…
Middle of Scypozoa: Gonads, Gastric Tract, Mouth, Oral Arms(large)

Outer region parts: Radial Canals, Tentacles (small and hair like), Ring Canal

29
Q

Identify the Cnidaria Hydroza

A

The Cnidaria Hydroza has a genus named Obelia.
The Obelia has Feeding Polyps(has tentacles on them) and a Reproductive Polyp (fat, sausage looking thing with red stuff in it)

30
Q

What species are in the Cnidaria Anthozoa ?

A

sea anemone and coral

31
Q

Identify components of the phylum Platyhelminths (flatworms)

A

Body Cavity: None: Acelomates
Symmetry: bilateral
Tissue Layers: 3 (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Body segmentation: absent
Cephalization: distinct (They have a head!!)
Digestive system: none or cavity (wut?)
Skeleton: hydrostatic

32
Q

Identify components of the Phylum Annelida (earthworms and marine worms)

A

Coelom condition: present
Symmetry: bilateral
Tissue layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto)
Body Segmentation: present
Cephalization: indistinct (earthworm) or distinct (marine worm)
Digestive system: complete (they’re coelomates!!)
Skeleton: Hydrostatic

33
Q

Identify the Annelida Oligochaeta

A

This is the earthworm. It has a clitellum (specialized reproductive segment that’s about 1/3 of the way away from the head). They also have short bristles on each body segment

34
Q

Identify the Annelida Polychaeta

A
  • Has 4 eyespots
  • Has a prostomium (the 1st segment) and a perisotomium (the 2nd segment)
  • Has cirri (tentacle-like things on peristomium)
  • Has parapodia (little feet)
35
Q

Identify the phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squids.

A 
True coelom
Symmetry: bilateral
Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) 
Body segmentation: reduced or absent 
Cephalization: indistinct(bivalves): more distinct(cephalopods) 
Digestive system complete 
Skeleton: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 
3 MAJOR STRUCTURES: FOOT, MANTLE, VISCERAL MASS
36
Q

Identify the parts of the Mollusca Bivalva

A

These are clams, fresh water mussels, and oysters

As for the mussel, there are some things to know about its anatomy.
External features: Hinge, Umbo, and Growth Lines
Internal anatomy: Mantle, Foot, Visceral mass, Labial palps, Gills, Posterior Adductor Muscle

*Again the most important thing to know is the location of the foot, Visceral mass, and the Mantle

37
Q

Identify the Mollusca Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)

A

Mantle, Fins, Water Jet, Arms, Tentacles, Suckers

38
Q

Identify the Mollusca Gastropoda (snail, slug)

A

Know that their shells are either Sinistral (opens left) or Dextral (opens right)

39
Q

Identify the Phylum Nemotoda (roundworms)

A 
Body Cavity: Psudocoelomates 
Symmetry: Bilateral 
Tissue Layer: 3 
Body Segmentation: absent 
Cephalization: indistinct 
Digestive system: complete
Skeleton: external cuticle
40
Q

What’s the difference between a male Nematoda Ascaris and a female one

A

the female nematode is much larger and the male is smaller with a hooked tail

41
Q

Identify the Phylum Arthropoda (crayfish, spiders, insects)

A 
True Coelom
Symmetry: Bilateral
Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto)
Body Segmentation: present 
Cephalization: distinct 
Digestive System: complete 
Skeleton: exoskeleton 
Body cavity sometimes called hemocoel: no capillaries and the entire cavity and interanl organs are bathed in blood (open circulatory system)
42
Q

Identify parts of the Arthropoda Crustacea

A

have an abdomen (which house the telson, uropod, pleopods( swimmers),

have an Cephalothorax (which has the carapace, periopods 2-5, and the rostrum)

Have compound eyes; a 1st Periopod (pincer) and a 2nd Periopod; and a 1st and 2nd Antenna

43
Q

How to tell the difference between a male and female crayfish?

A

If the pleopods(swimmers) are the same size, then it’s a female.
If some are bigger than the others, then it’s a male.

44
Q

Identify the Arthropoda Arachnida (spiders).

A

chelicerae: “fangs”
pedipalps: leg-like appendages near mouth
no compound eyes (can move around), but has 6 to 8 simple eyes (stationary/ fixed position)

45
Q

Identify Arthropoda Insceta

A

Body segments: head, thorax, abdomen

Only head and thorax have appendages

46
Q

Identify the Phylem Echinodermata (sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers).

A

True coelom
Symmetry: radial
Tissue Layers: 3 (you know the drill)
Body segment: mostly/ absent
Cephalization: none
Digestive system: complete
Skeleton: hydrostatic (water vascular system); Endo and Exoskeleton(CaCo3 plates act as both)
Deuterostome developmental pattern (blastopore becomes anus)
Water Vasular System: movement, support, hydrostatic pressure, respiratory system, waste elimination (waste enters through medreporite, muscular bulbs provide pressure that moves the tube feet)

47
Q

Aquarium Specimen Guide 2016

A

Pencil Urchin
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea

Starburst polyp coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa

Brittle star
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Ophiuroidea

Kenya tree coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa

Emerald crab (but not green)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea

Apistasia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa

Turban snail
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda

Sea cumber
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea

Barnacles
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea

Stomatella
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda

Clam
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia

Mushroom coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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