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Bio keywords Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

B1 Movement

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

B1 respiration

A

chemical reactions in cells that breakdown nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

B1 sensitivity

A

ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

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4
Q

B1 growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

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5
Q

B1 excretion

A

removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism, toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements

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6
Q

B1 nutrition

A

taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, co2, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water

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7
Q

B2.2 Diffusion

A

net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement

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8
Q

B2.2 osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential, through a partially permeable membrane

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9
Q

B4.1 Enzymes

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts

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10
Q

B5.1 photosynthesis

A

process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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11
Q

B6.2 ingestion

A

taking of substances (e.g. food,drink), into the body through the mouth

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12
Q

B6.2 digestion

A

breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical & chemical processes

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13
Q

B6.2 absorption

A

movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood

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14
Q

B6.2 assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells

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15
Q

B6.2 egestion

A

passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus

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16
Q

B6.2 mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

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17
Q

B6.2 chemical digestion

A

breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

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18
Q

B7.1 transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata

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19
Q

B7.1 translocation

A

movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem, from regions of production (source) to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)

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20
Q

B7.2 circulatory system

A

system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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20
Q

B8.2 aerobic respiration

A

chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

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21
Q

B8.2 anaerobic respiration

A

chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

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22
Q

B9.1 nerve impulse

A

electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones

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23
Q

B9.1 reflex action

A

means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

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24
Q

B9.3 hormone

A

chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

25
Q

B9.3 adrenaline

A

hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations (which results in increased breathing and pulse rate, and widened pupils)

26
Q

B9.4 homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

control of internal conditions within set limits

27
Q

B9.5 gravitropism

A

response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

28
Q

B9.5 photoropism

A

response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming

29
Q

B10.1 asexual reproduction

A

process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

30
Q

B10.1 sexual reproduction

A

process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

31
Q

B10.2 pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

32
Q

B10.3 fertilisation

A

fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete and a female gamete

33
Q

B11.1 inheritance

A

transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

34
Q

B11.1 chromosome

A

thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

35
Q

B11.1 gene

A

length of DNA that codes for a protein

36
Q

B11.1 allele

A

version of a gene

37
Q

B11.1 haploid nucleus

A

nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g. in gametes)

38
Q

B11.1 diploid nucleus

A

nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells)

39
Q

B11.2 mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

40
Q

B11.2 meiosis

A

reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells

41
Q

B11.3 genotype

A

genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present

42
Q

B11.3 phenotype

A

observable features of an organism

43
Q

B11.3 homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene

44
Q

B11.3 heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene

45
Q

B11.3 dominant

A

allele that is expressed if it is present

46
Q

B11.3 recessive

A

allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present

47
Q

B11.4 variation

A

differences between individuals of the same species

48
Q

B11.4 mutation

A

change in gene or chromosome

49
Q

B12.1 food chain

A

showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer

50
Q

B12.1 food web

A

network of interconnected food chains

51
Q

B12.1 producer

A

organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis

52
Q

B12.1 consumer

A

organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms

53
Q

B12.1 herbivore

A

animal that gets it energy by eating plants

54
Q

B12.1 carnivore

A

animal that gets it energy by eating other animals

55
Q

B12.1 decomposer

A

organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter

56
Q

B12.1 ecosystem

A

unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area

57
Q

B12.1 trophic level

A

position of an organism in a food chain or food web

58
Q

B11.4 evolution

A

change in adaptive features of a population over time as the result of natura l selection

59
Q

B11.4 process of adaptation

A

process resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations

60
Q

B8.1 What can tobacco smoking cause

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, coronary heart disease

61
Q

B8.2 uses of energy in the human body

A

muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, growth, maintenance of a constant body temp

Science (6 decks)

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