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MCAT Biochemistry > Bio info Amino Acids and Proteins and Psych material > Flashcards

Bio info Amino Acids and Proteins and Psych material Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolyzes chemical bonds (ATPases, proteases and others)

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2
Q

Isomerase

A

rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

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3
Q

ligase

A

forms a chemical bond (DNA ligase)

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4
Q

Lyase

A

Breaks chemical bonds by means other than oxidation or hydrolysis (pyruvate decarboxylation)

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5
Q

Kinase

A

transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from a higher energy carrier, such as ATP

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6
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

runs redox reactions (includes oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases, and others)

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7
Q

polymerase

A

polymerization (addition of nucleotides to the leading strand of DNA by DNA pol III)

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8
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate groups from a molecule (tastes the phosphate group)

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9
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate

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10
Q

Protease

A

hydrolyzes peptide bonds (trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin)

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11
Q

where does beta-oxidation occur

A

the mito matrix

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12
Q

initiation of translation in the eukaryotes

A

loaded met-tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit
mRNA then binds to small subunit
small subunit scans until mRNA initiator codon is found
at that point the met-tRNA associates with the mRNA in the P site
Final step is binding of large ribosomal subunit
** most energy costly step is met-tRNA met binds to the small ribosomal subunit (2 ATP)

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13
Q

what binds to single stranded RNA in DNA replication

A

RNA pol

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14
Q

what do transposons do to protein levels

A

they insert into the DNA coding region and likely disrupt it resulting in a decrease in protein levels

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15
Q

glial cells

A

are a non-neuronal cell that typically provide structural and metabolic support to neurons. Glial maintain a resting membrane potential but do not generate action potentials

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin in the PNS and increase speed of conduction

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin in the CNS and increase speed of action potentials

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

type of glial cell in the CNS that guides neuronal development, regulates synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter levels

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19
Q

Microglia

A

type of glial cell in the CNS that removes dead cells and debris

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20
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Type of glial cell in the CNS that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

hindbrain

A

contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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22
Q

medulla

A

is where vital autonomic functions are regulated such as blood pressure and digestive functions

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23
Q

pons

A

the pons have some function in relaying messages but primarily function in balance and antigravity posture

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

the cerebellum coordinates smooth movements and with damage results in poor hand eye coordination and balance

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25
Q

the midbrain

A

is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible in arousal and wakefulness

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26
Q

brainstem

A

together the medulla, pons and midbrain constitute the brainstem

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27
Q

the forebrain contains the

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

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28
Q

Diencephalon

A

contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

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29
Q

Thalamus

A

is a relay station for sensory information

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30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

interacts directly with many parts of the brain. It contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions and has a major role in hormone production and release

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31
Q

Corpus callosum

A

the thick bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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32
Q

Frontal lobe

A

initiate all voluntary movement and are involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving

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33
Q

parietal lobes

A

are involved in general sensation and in gustation (taste)

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34
Q

temporal lobes

A

process auditory and olfactory sensation and are involved in short-term memory language comprehension and emotion

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35
Q

basal nuclei

A

broadly function in voluntary motor function and procedural learning related to habits

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36
Q

basal nuclei and cerebellum

A

work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex the basal nuclei are inhibitory and the cerebellum is excitatory

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37
Q

limbic system

A

includes the amygdala, and cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus. is important in emotion and memory

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38
Q

the vagus nerve is responsible for

A

the heart rate decreasing and the GI tract increasing activity (parasympathetic)

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39
Q

Somatic PNS anatomy

A

all somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells

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40
Q

pitch

A

frequency of the sound can be detected by which region of the basilar membrane vibrate. High pitch stimulate cells at the base of the cochlea. While low pitch furthest away from the oval window

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41
Q

Loudness of sound

A

is distinguished by the amplitude of the vibration. Larger vibrations cause more frequent action potentials

42
Q

semicircular canal

A

consists of the utricle, saccule, and the ampullae. tubes filled with endolymph that detect rotational acceleration

43
Q

for color to be detected it goes in what pathway

A

two layers of neurons then to rods and cones and bipolar cells then to ganglion cells that compromise the optic nerve

44
Q

macula of the eye

A

is the fovea centralis which contains many cones and is responsible for extreme visual acuity

45
Q

photoreceptors rods and cones how they detect different colors and become stimulated

A

protein retinal has several trans double bonds and cis double bonds and this keeps a sodium channel open. The cells remain depolarized. Upon absorbing a photon of light it is converted to all trans form. This closes the sodium channels and becomes hyperpolarized

46
Q

Both rods and cones release neurotransmitter

A

glutamate onto bipolar cells inhibiting them from firing

47
Q

special cones that absorb light

A

blue, green, red

48
Q

myopia can be corrected by

A

concave lens

49
Q

hyperopia can be corrected by

A

convex lens which causes light rays to converge before reaching the cornea

50
Q

method of loci

A

associating the location of something to be able to remember it

51
Q

layers of the brain

A

periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

52
Q

hypothalamus regulates

A

arousal, hunger, and thirst

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

is associated with planning and was last to develop in brain evolutionary progress

54
Q

moro reflex

A

is an extension and retraction of arms followed by crying in response to sudden head movements

55
Q

basophils

A

store and release histamine allergic rxns

56
Q

neutrophils

A

phagoctyose bacteria resulting in pus amoeboid motility and chemotaxis

57
Q

eosinophil

A

destroy parasites allergic reactions

58
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytose debris and microorganisms: amoeboid motility; chemotaxis

59
Q

B cells

A

mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies

60
Q

T cells

A

kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and reject tissue grafts; also control immune response

61
Q

Blood clotting system

A

fibrin is the threadlike protein that holds platelets together. Fibrinogen gets converted into fibrin by thrombin

62
Q

A thrombus

A

is a scab circulating the bloodstream

63
Q

Defects in the blood clotting proteins results in

A

hemophilia

64
Q

the light chains and heavy chains of antibodies are joined by

A

disulfide bonds

65
Q

The immunoglobulins are separated into

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and these are due to having the same constant regions

66
Q

IgM

A

blood and B cell surface. Involved in initial immune response and pentameric structure in blood, monomeric structure on B cell as antigen receptor

67
Q

IgG

A

blood. Involved in ongoing immune response majority of antibody in the blood is IgG. Can also cross placental barriers

68
Q

IgD

A

B cell surface. Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

69
Q

IgA

A

secretions. saliva mucus, tears, breast milk etc. Secreted in breast milk. helps protect newborns. dimeric structure

70
Q

IgE

A

Blood. involved in allergic reactions

71
Q

The small site that an antibody recognizes within a large molecule is called an

A

epitope

72
Q

When an immature B cell binds an antigen it is stimulated to produce

A

plasma cells and memory cells

73
Q

The cells of our body all contain

A

MHC on their surface and T cells recognize it

74
Q

What does MHC I for T cells

A

pick up peptides from inside of the cell and display them on the cell surface

75
Q

What cells possess MHC class II

A

Antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and B cells). Their role is to phagocytosize particles or cells, chop them up and display fragments using the MHC II display system After T cell recognizes it, this will stimulate B cell to mature. T helper cells are only activated by MHC class II

76
Q

in smooth muscle there isn’t troponin-tropomysoin there is

A

calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase. calmodulin binds Ca2+ and then activates MLCK and MLCK phosphorylates a portion of the myosin molecule and activates its enzymatic/ mechanical activity

77
Q

with signal recognition signals it attaches to the

A

N-terminus of the chain

78
Q

HIV retrovirus is a

A

+ RNA dependent virus meaning that it can use the cell machinery to replicate

79
Q

what does compressibility do to how fast a sound wave travels

A

the less compressible the faster

80
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

81
Q

Water soluble

A

B &C

82
Q

sperm formation stages

A

spermatagonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoan

83
Q

spermatagonium job

A

mitotically reproduce prior to meiosis

replicate DNA in S phase of meiosis

84
Q

primary spermatocyte job

A

Meiosis I

85
Q

Secondary spermatocyte job

A

Meiosis II

86
Q

spermatid job

A

turn into spermatozoan

87
Q

spermatozoan job

A

finish maturing in seminiferous tubule and in epididymis

88
Q

helper T cells bind to

A

MHC class II

89
Q

Killer T cells bind to

A

MHC Class I

90
Q

Left atrium and left ventricle separated by

A

bicuspid valve

91
Q

Right atrium and right ventricle separated by

A

Tricuspid valve

92
Q

the structure of striated muscle tissues goes from

A

fascicles, myofibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres

93
Q

H zone and I band

A

change size during muscle cell contraction h zone (myosin) I band (actin)

94
Q

what ion regulates the contraction of muscle cells

A

the calcium ion concentration because calcium binds to troponin

95
Q

what do smooth muscles cells use instead of troponin

A

calmodulin

96
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

will decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and increase oxygen delivery to tissues

97
Q

semen contains

A

mucus secreted from the bulbourethral gland for lubrication, alkaline secretions from the prostate gland and bulbourethral gland to neutralize acidic environments, nutrients (primarily fructose) from the seminal vesicles

98
Q

what is selectively reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule

A

water, ions, glucose, and amino acids

99
Q

In muscle cell contraction ATP hydrolysis occurs in

A

reseting the myosin head into the cocked position

100
Q

X-inactivation leads to

A

a Barr body in which half of the population has one x activated and the other half as the other x activated

MCAT Biochemistry (1 decks)

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