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Bio Honors Jeter > Bio Honors Study Guide > Flashcards

Bio Honors Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

A double helix, a twisted ladder

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3
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone made of?

A

They alternate between sugar and phosphate

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4
Q

Who are Watson and Crick?

A

They are one of the first people to discover DNA, but they specifically discovered its shape

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5
Q

Who was Rosalind Franklin?

A

Through X-ray chrystalography, she took the first picture of DNA

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6
Q

Who was Maurice Wilkins?

A

He was the “third man of the double helix” and he shared Franklin’s work with Watson

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7
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
A T G C

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8
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs?

A

Adenine = Thymine AT
Guanine = Cytosine GC
AT GeiCo

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9
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine
A Goat is bigger Than a Cat

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10
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine
A Goat is bigger Than a Cat

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11
Q

What holds the nitrogen bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What sugar is DNA made of?

A

Deoxyribose

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13
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

A snail with luggage
The head is the phosphate, the body is the deoxyribose, and the luggage is the nitrogen base

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14
Q

What is replication?

A

It is when DNA unzips the hydrogen bonds at the base pairs to make a copy of itself

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15
Q

What enzyme unzips the DNA?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

What enzyme puts the DNA back together?

A

Polymerase

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17
Q

What are genes?

A

A gene is a segment of your DNA that codes for specific traits
Controls production of proteins
One from mother and one from father

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18
Q

What is the complimentary strand for
GATACTGACTGACTA

A

CTATGACTGACTGAT

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19
Q

What is the complimentary strand for
TTACGATCGTACGCT

A

AATGCTAGCATGCGA

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20
Q

What is the average cell size?

A

2-200 µM

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21
Q

Why is cell size limited?

A

Because of diffusion. It must take a fraction of a second for glucose or oxygen to get across plasma membrane. It would take too long if the cell was too big.

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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Strands of DNA wrapped around protein structures; long and threadlike

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23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The carriers of genetic material; copied and passed on from generation to generation

It is DNA that is tightly coiled, only visible during cell replication

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24
Q

What does chromatin do before mitosis?

A

They coil, shorten and thicken, forming chromosomes

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25
Q

What phase do cells spend most of their time in?

A

Interphase

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26
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A

G1 - Cell growth
Synthesis - DNA replication
G2 - Preparation for mitosis

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27
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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28
Q

What is prophase?

A

• Chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope disappears
• Centrioles move towards poles

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29
Q

What is metaphase?

A

• Chromosomes meet in the middle (equator)
• Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid at the centromere

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30
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Centromeres split & sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cells (poles)

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31
Q

What is telophase

A

• Cytoplasm divides
• Nuclear envelope
appears
• Chromosomes uncoil
• Ready to be daughter cells

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32
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of cytoplasm (only in animal cells)

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33
Q

What happens in plant cells instead of cytokinesis?

A

In plant cells, a cell wall or plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei

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34
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

•Sister chromatids- 2 halves, left vs. right, of a chromosome

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35
Q

What are centromeres?

A

•Centromere- where the 2 chromatids are joined

36
Q

What is a simple definition of cancer?

A

•An uncontrolled division of cells caused by over production or under production of certain enzymes

37
Q

What protein does DNA wrap around?

A

Histones

38
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a molecule that stores genetic information. It is composed of nucleotides

39
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

A polymer of nucleotides that store or transport genetic information

40
Q

Five carbon sugar found in DNA backbone

A

Deoxyribose

41
Q

Five carbon sugar found in RNA

A

Ribose

42
Q

What are the 4 bases found in RNA?

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

43
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Eight histones

44
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When an organism lacks a single chromosome

45
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When an organism lacks a single chromosome

46
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When an organism lacks a single chromosome

47
Q

What is trisomy?

A

Trisomy is when an organism has an extra chromosome

48
Q

What is triploidy?

A

Triploidy is when an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

49
Q

What do proteins do?

A

They help with active transport
They hold things

50
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Contact inhibition is when cells stop growing when they touch something else
Cancer cells lose contact inhibition, which causes them to pile up to form tumors

51
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of your body’s chemical reactions

52
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

In the ribosomes

53
Q

How does DNA become protein?

A

DNA codes for protein synthesis (20,000 in humans)
Proteins are made of amino acids

54
Q

What is junk DNA?

A

DNA that doesn’t do anything

55
Q

How many times of amino acids are there?

A

There are 20 different amino acids

56
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 base codes for amino acids
Sets of 3 nitrogen bases

57
Q

How does info get out of the nucleus?

A

Through m(RNA)

58
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is ribonucleic acid

59
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

They are single stranded
Made of ribose (a sugar)
Has Uracil instead of Thymine

60
Q

What is transcription?

A

mRNA is copied from DNA to get info to the outside of the nucleus

61
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Some DNA makes rRNA
They help bond amino acids together

62
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids
Brings amino acids for assembly into proteins
They transfer one particular amino acid

63
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA finds a ribosome
Codon on mRNA looks for the anticodon from tRNA
Ribosome begins making protein when it fins start codon

64
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Anticodons complement the codons

65
Q

Hat codes for the amino acid?

A

mRNA codes for amino acid

66
Q

What happens to tRNA after translation?

A

It returns to cytoplasm

67
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence

68
Q

What is a chromosomal mutation?

A

They are changes in the chromosomes

69
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

It is when the chromosomes fail to separate properly

70
Q

What is a mutagenic agent?

A

Anything that raises the likelihood of a mutation, UV radiation, smoking, viruses, X-rays

71
Q

What is a start codon?

A

Start codons are codons that are usually at the beginning of the RNA sequence
Methionine

72
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

Stop codons tell the ribosome when to stop coding

73
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

It is a sequence of a chain of amino acids

74
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

75
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets

76
Q

What is quaternary protein structure?

A

It is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

77
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

78
Q

What do centrioles do during mitosis?

A

They anchor the spindle fibers so they can pull apart the chromosomes

79
Q

What is the size order of DNA, nucleotides, chromosomes, and genes?
Smallest to biggest

A

Nucleotides, genes, DNA, chromosome

80
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Outside the nucleus, in the cytoplam

81
Q

What is point mutation?

A

It is when a single base pair is changed
Only one base is affected

82
Q

What could happen if an amino acid was changed in a DNA sequence?

A

When the amino acid in a sequence has been changed, the shape of the protein changes and can become less functional (or not function at all.)

83
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A silent mutation occurs when the nucleotide changes, but the resulting amino acid is the same. It will have no functional difference from the original

84
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A frameshift mutation is when a base is added or removed from DNA/RNA sequence

85
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A NONSENSE MUTATION​ occurs when a codon is changed to a STOP codon.
At the end of the gene, the cell reaches the stop codon. If a codon is changed to STOP, the building of the amino acid terminates and the protein is incomplete

86
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Incomplete dominance is when two traits blend and neither one is dominant

87
Q
A

Bio Honors Jeter (2 decks)

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