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Bio Honors Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

A double helix, a twisted ladder

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3
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone made of?

A

They alternate between sugar and phosphate

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4
Q

Who are Watson and Crick?

A

They are one of the first people to discover DNA, but they specifically discovered its shape

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5
Q

Who was Rosalind Franklin?

A

Through X-ray chrystalography, she took the first picture of DNA

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6
Q

Who was Maurice Wilkins?

A

He was the “third man of the double helix” and he shared Franklin’s work with Watson

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7
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
A T G C

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8
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs?

A

Adenine = Thymine AT
Guanine = Cytosine GC
AT GeiCo

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9
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine
A Goat is bigger Than a Cat

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10
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine
A Goat is bigger Than a Cat

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11
Q

What holds the nitrogen bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What sugar is DNA made of?

A

Deoxyribose

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13
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

A snail with luggage
The head is the phosphate, the body is the deoxyribose, and the luggage is the nitrogen base

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14
Q

What is replication?

A

It is when DNA unzips the hydrogen bonds at the base pairs to make a copy of itself

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15
Q

What enzyme unzips the DNA?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

What enzyme puts the DNA back together?

A

Polymerase

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17
Q

What are genes?

A

A gene is a segment of your DNA that codes for specific traits
Controls production of proteins
One from mother and one from father

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18
Q

What is the complimentary strand for
GATACTGACTGACTA

A

CTATGACTGACTGAT

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19
Q

What is the complimentary strand for
TTACGATCGTACGCT

A

AATGCTAGCATGCGA

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20
Q

What is the average cell size?

A

2-200 µM

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21
Q

Why is cell size limited?

A

Because of diffusion. It must take a fraction of a second for glucose or oxygen to get across plasma membrane. It would take too long if the cell was too big.

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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Strands of DNA wrapped around protein structures; long and threadlike

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23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The carriers of genetic material; copied and passed on from generation to generation

It is DNA that is tightly coiled, only visible during cell replication

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24
Q

What does chromatin do before mitosis?

A

They coil, shorten and thicken, forming chromosomes

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25
What phase do cells spend most of their time in?
Interphase
26
What are the stages of interphase?
G1 - Cell growth Synthesis - DNA replication G2 - Preparation for mitosis
27
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
28
What is prophase?
• Chromatin coils into visible chromosomes • Nuclear envelope disappears • Centrioles move towards poles
29
What is metaphase?
• Chromosomes meet in the middle (equator) • Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid at the centromere
30
What is anaphase?
Centromeres split & sister chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cells (poles)
31
What is telophase
• Cytoplasm divides • Nuclear envelope appears • Chromosomes uncoil • Ready to be daughter cells
32
What is cytokinesis?
The division of cytoplasm (only in animal cells)
33
What happens in plant cells instead of cytokinesis?
In plant cells, a cell wall or plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei
34
What are sister chromatids?
•Sister chromatids- 2 halves, left vs. right, of a chromosome
35
What are centromeres?
•Centromere- where the 2 chromatids are joined
36
What is a simple definition of cancer?
•An uncontrolled division of cells caused by over production or under production of certain enzymes
37
What protein does DNA wrap around?
Histones
38
What is DNA?
DNA is a molecule that stores genetic information. It is composed of nucleotides
39
What is nucleic acid?
A polymer of nucleotides that store or transport genetic information
40
Five carbon sugar found in DNA backbone
Deoxyribose
41
Five carbon sugar found in RNA
Ribose
42
What are the 4 bases found in RNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
43
What is a nucleosome?
Eight histones
44
What is monosomy?
When an organism lacks a single chromosome
45
What is monosomy?
When an organism lacks a single chromosome
46
What is monosomy?
When an organism lacks a single chromosome
47
What is trisomy?
Trisomy is when an organism has an extra chromosome
48
What is triploidy?
Triploidy is when an organism has an extra set of chromosomes
49
What do proteins do?
They help with active transport They hold things
50
What is contact inhibition?
Contact inhibition is when cells stop growing when they touch something else Cancer cells lose contact inhibition, which causes them to pile up to form tumors
51
What is metabolism?
All of your body’s chemical reactions
52
Where does protein synthesis occur?
In the ribosomes
53
How does DNA become protein?
DNA codes for protein synthesis (20,000 in humans) Proteins are made of amino acids
54
What is junk DNA?
DNA that doesn’t do anything
55
How many times of amino acids are there?
There are 20 different amino acids
56
What is a codon?
3 base codes for amino acids Sets of 3 nitrogen bases
57
How does info get out of the nucleus?
Through m(RNA)
58
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid
59
What is the structure of RNA?
They are single stranded Made of ribose (a sugar) Has Uracil instead of Thymine
60
What is transcription?
mRNA is copied from DNA to get info to the outside of the nucleus
61
What is rRNA?
Some DNA makes rRNA They help bond amino acids together
62
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA Transfers amino acids Brings amino acids for assembly into proteins They transfer one particular amino acid
63
What is translation?
mRNA finds a ribosome Codon on mRNA looks for the anticodon from tRNA Ribosome begins making protein when it fins start codon
64
What is an anticodon?
Anticodons complement the codons
65
Hat codes for the amino acid?
mRNA codes for amino acid
66
What happens to tRNA after translation?
It returns to cytoplasm
67
What is a mutation?
Any mistake or change in the DNA sequence
68
What is a chromosomal mutation?
They are changes in the chromosomes
69
What is nondisjunction?
It is when the chromosomes fail to separate properly
70
What is a mutagenic agent?
Anything that raises the likelihood of a mutation, UV radiation, smoking, viruses, X-rays
71
What is a start codon?
Start codons are codons that are usually at the beginning of the RNA sequence Methionine
72
What is a stop codon?
Stop codons tell the ribosome when to stop coding
73
What is primary protein structure?
It is a sequence of a chain of amino acids
74
What is secondary protein structure?
Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
75
What is tertiary protein structure?
Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets
76
What is quaternary protein structure?
It is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
77
What controls the cell cycle?
Cyclins
78
What do centrioles do during mitosis?
They anchor the spindle fibers so they can pull apart the chromosomes
79
What is the size order of DNA, nucleotides, chromosomes, and genes? Smallest to biggest
Nucleotides, genes, DNA, chromosome
80
Where does translation occur?
Outside the nucleus, in the cytoplam
81
What is point mutation?
It is when a single base pair is changed Only one base is affected
82
What could happen if an amino acid was changed in a DNA sequence?
When the amino acid in a sequence has been changed, the shape of the protein changes and can become less functional (or not function at all.)
83
What is a silent mutation?
A silent mutation occurs when the nucleotide changes, but the resulting amino acid is the same. It will have no functional difference from the original
84
What is a frameshift mutation?
A frameshift mutation is when a base is added or removed from DNA/RNA sequence
85
What is a nonsense mutation?
A NONSENSE MUTATION​ occurs when a codon is changed to a STOP codon. At the end of the gene, the cell reaches the stop codon. If a codon is changed to STOP, the building of the amino acid terminates and the protein is incomplete
86
What is incomplete dominance?
Incomplete dominance is when two traits blend and neither one is dominant
87

Bio Honors Jeter (2 decks)

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