BIO-H Flashcards
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O –> light energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
C3 plants
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
Photosynthesis only occurs when the stomata are open.
RuBisCo catalyzes carbon fixation.
C4 plants
A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis occur in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.
occurs in the stroma.
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.
occurs in the stroma.
Light Dependent Reaction
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.
occurs in thylakoids.
CAM plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)
a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2).
Calvin Cycle Steps
Carbon Fixation- inorganic molecule to organic molecule.
Reduction- gain of electron.
Regeneration- RuPB is regenerated to prepare for more CO2 to be fixed.
Reactants of Calvin cycle
CO2, ATP, NADPH
Cellular Respiration
the process of breaking down food with the release of energy.
Reactants of cellular respiration
glucose and O2
Products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
2 types of cellular respiration
2 types of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
First step in breaking down glucose which produces 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.
Glycolysis Reactant
Glucose
products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Fermentation
an anerobic pathway that uses the pyruvate to breakdown glucose to make NAD+/ Lactic Acid which will be recycled back to Glycolysis.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid.
Alcoholic Fermentation
anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts.
Transition Reaction
conversion of pyruvates to 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
main phase in breaking down the glucose which occurs in the mitochondria and it produces energies like: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2
electron trasport chain
a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons to make ATP.
ETC reactants and products
6 NADH, 2 FADH2
32 ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
main energy source that cells use for most of their work.
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
plays a role in chemical process that generates energy.
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
FAD is oxidized from NADH and the energy is used to generate ATP.
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes into two daughter cells.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
Prophase
Longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible.
Prometaphase
The nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Chromosomes start to align at this stage.
Metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. centrosomes are at the opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
Chromosomes are segregated to different parts of the cell to serve as a complete genome for the next cell cycle.
Telophase
Separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
Diploid (2n= 46 chromosomes)
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
homologous chromosomes- same shape, size, color, trait but vary in allele
Haploid (n= 23 chromosomes)
having a single set of chromosomes.
non-homologous chromosomes- do not belong to the same pair.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Chromatid
one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome in preparation for cell division.
Centromere
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.
independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes.
crossing over
the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
genetic variation
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments.
Why do cells don’t grow indefinitely?
The cell membrane must transport the food and oxygen to the parts inside of the cell.
Cell Cycle
series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.
Phase of cell cycle
G1 Phase- Growth, repair, old, too big,
S Phase- DNA synthesis
G2- Growth and Preparation for mitosis
M- Mitosis (cell division)