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BioGeo > Bio geo exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio geo exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Species

A

Are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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2
Q

Range

A

Range of area where a certain species lives (isn’t perfect)

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3
Q

Extirpation

A

When a species ceases to exist in a specific geographic area, though it still exists elsewhere

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4
Q

Population

A

The number of organisms who live in the same geographical area

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5
Q

Population Density

A

= Population total/ Area of occupation (7 bears/7 mi area = 7 bears per square mile)

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6
Q

Law of the Minimum

A

Growth is controlled by the scarcest resource (limiting factor), not the total amount of resources available

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7
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The range of resources and abiotic conditions along with species interactions that enable a species to survive and reproduce

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

Organisms that use and share each other for a mutual benefit

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9
Q

Competition

A

A mutually negative interaction that occurs whenever the fitness of an organism is reduced because of the presence of another

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10
Q

Interference Competition

A

Occurs when organisms interfere DIRECTLY with others attempting to forage, reproduce or establish themselves within a habitat

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11
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Equilibrium of a certain habitat (resources support the given pop. without causing exponential death or reproduction)

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12
Q

Resource Exploitation

A

When individuals interfere directly by consuming scarce resources, making those resources less available to other species

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13
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principal (Gause’s Principal)

A

Complete competitors can not coexist. They MUST differ in their use of resources in some way.

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14
Q

Predation

A

A biological interaction where a predator (hunter) feeds on prey (hunted)

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15
Q

Morphology

A

Homologous Structures; Relation between species (humans and monkeys both have fingers)

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16
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

A part of a species that serves no useful functions but is still there from evolution (Human- Appendix, Whale- Hips, Ostriches- Wings)

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17
Q

Atavism

A

Trait the recurs in an organism that had it eliminated (Human born with a tail, Snake born with legs, etc.)

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18
Q

Cladogram

A

Diagram that depicts evolution through the change of certain traits. (Tree thing we made in lab)

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19
Q

The Genetic Species Concept

A

Populations of organisms that have a high degree of genetic similarity

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20
Q

Genes

A

Found on Chromosomes; defines traits

21
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene. Determines how a trait is expressed (we all have eye color, but will it be blue? Brown? Hazel?)

22
Q

Genotype

A

Refers to the particular alleles that an individual carries

23
Q

Phenotype

A

Refers to an individuals observable traits

24
Q

Evolution

A

A change in a allele frequencies within a population from one generation to another over time

25
Q

Micro-evolution

A

Changes in gene frequency within a population, from one generation to the next (evolution happens in a very small time scale. Still the same species though ex. Peppered mouth from dominantly white to dominantly dark after industrial revolution)

26
Q

Macro-evolution

A

The descent of new species from a common ancestor (takes a really long time)

27
Q

Natural Selection

A

A change in a population that occurs because individuals express genetic traits that alter their interactions within their environment that enhances their chances of survival

28
Q

Propagule

A

Material used for propagating an organism to the next stage of their lifecycle, often by dispersal (Seeds, eggs)

29
Q

The Area Effect

A

Larger islands contain more varied habitats, which reduces the probability of extinction due to chance events

30
Q

Darlington’s Rule

A

A 10-fold increase in area results in a doubling of species number

31
Q

The Distance Effect

A

Islands that are more isolated are less likely to receive immigrants than islands that are less isolated

32
Q

Theory of Island Biogeography

A

The number of species found on an undisputed island is determined by the balance between immigration and extinction

33
Q

Foster’s Rule

A

Members of a species get bigger or smaller depending on the resource available in the environment. (Due to limited resources)

34
Q

Phyletic Extinction

A

Disappearances of a species from the fossil record associated with the evolution of a new species in the same lineage.

35
Q

True Extinction

A

Disappearance of a species without any descendent species

36
Q

Extirpation Localized Extinction

A

A species ceases to exist in a particular area

37
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Temporarily discrete episodes with very high rates of species loss

38
Q

Succession

A

A directional, cumulative change of the species that live in a certain area over time

39
Q

Primary Succesion

A

The establishment of plants and plant species on land that was not previous vegetated, or newly formed

40
Q

Secondary Succesion

A

The establishment/invasion of land that has been previously vegetated

41
Q

“r” species

A

Pioneers (ex. Dandilions, Crab grass)

  • High Birth Rates
  • High Dispersion potential
  • Short lived (annual plants)
  • Poor competitors
42
Q

“K” species

A

Ex. Trees

  • Long lived
  • Tolerant
  • Good competitors
  • Perennial Plants
43
Q

“r” species Strategy

A

Early Succession = Risky Environment

  • Short lives
  • Many Offspring
44
Q

“k” species Strategy

A

Late Succession = Stable Environment

  • Long lives
  • Invest in structures
  • Fewer Offspring
45
Q

Autogenic Succession

A

Plants Modify their Environment

46
Q

Allogenic Succession

A

Vegetation Changes due to environmental conditions and Environmental change

47
Q

Disturbance

A

An event that disrupts the ecosystem , community, or population structure and changes the physical environment

48
Q

Surface Fires

A

Lower intensity fires that consume understory, spread along the forest floor

49
Q

Crown Fires

A

Intense fires that often stand replacing, spread through the tree tops

BioGeo (3 decks)

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