Bio Final Exam Flashcards
The Cardiovascular System Consists of all of the following except
The Lungs
Arterioles, arteries, veins, and venules all have the same basic four-layer structure containing all of the following except
Pleural membrane
The organ that performs filtration of the blood, reabsorption, and secretion in vertebrates is the
The Kidneys
Each human kidney contains about a million_ which are the tubular functional units of the kidney
Nephrons
What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system
Immunological tolerance
What is the name for molecules that provoke a specific immune response
Antigens
Leukocytes( white blood cells) account for about _ of the cells in the human body
1%
Select the incorrectly matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product
Insects-Ammonia
All of the following are functions of the circulatory system EXCEPT
Oxygen, nutrient, and waste transport
Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels. Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate. What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?
Bowman’s capsule-proximal convoluted tubule- loop of Henle- distal convoluted tubule- collecting duct
What do we call a lymphocytes that has never encountered an antigen
Naive lymphocytes
Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function
Neutrophil- important antigen presenting cell
The benefit provided by all hearts with two atria is
Not all the blood has to pass through both sides of the heart
The loudest sound you hear through a stethoscope while listening to your heart is
The semilunar valves closing
Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood
Amphibians-isotonic
An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by
Causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water
What are the helper and inducer cells
T- cells
What cells are the precursors of macrophages
Monocytes
The liquid portion of blood that contains metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, and a variety of proteins is called the
Plasma
Changes in the arterial blood pressure are detected by_ located in the walls of the carotid artery and the arch of the aorta
Baroreceptors
Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in
Insects
Chose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal
Flame bulb-flat worm
Innate immunity
Is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function
Physically trapping of pathogens
An electrocardiogram(ECG) provides information about
The rhythm of heart contractions
A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the
Activation of prothrombin to thrombin
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the
Kidneys of the vertebrates
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes
Reabsorption
The complement system is
a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
CD4 and CD8 are
Molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatibility(MHC) molecules
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
Left Atrium
Pulse is a direct measure of
Heart Rate
Urea is
The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
Excessive formation of uric crystals in humans lead to
Gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints
Which of the following is not a class of immunoglobin
IgC
When different types of blood are mixed together, what can occur due to different antibodies for the ABO and Rh factor antigens on the surface of red blood cells
An agglutination reaction
What animal group is mismatched with its circulation system type( open or closed)
Cricket- closed
The depolarization of the heart is initiated by the
Sinoatrial node
All of the following are reabsorbed by the nephron EXCEPT
H+ ions
Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the
Freshwater bony fishes
What is another term for allergy
Hypersensitivity
The human immunodeficiency virus mounts a direct attack on TH cells by recognizing the _ surface proteins associated with these cells
CD4
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals
Vena Cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery
In an open circulatory system, blood is
Not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
Within a normally functioning kidney, red blood cells can be found in
The vasa recta
After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of
Inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells
Histamines and prostaglandins
Which part of the antibody molecule determines what epitope it binds to
the two arms of the Y
The P wave of the ECG represents
he depolarization of the atria
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ________
disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
