Bio Final Flashcards
complex cell with membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic
simple cell with no organelles
prokaryotic
largest to smallest cell stuff
nucleus - chromosomes - genes - DNA - nucleotides
energy enters ecosystem as _____ and exits as _____
light / heat
define inductive reasoning
specific to general
define deductive reasoning
general to specific
cannot be broken down, composed of atoms
element
elements that are essential for life
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
smallest unit of element that will keep the properties of the element
atom
what is the atomic number?
number of protons
what is the mass number or atomic mass?
sum of protons and neutrons
atoms of the same element but they have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
What changes between an element and an isotope?
atomic number will be the same but mass number will be different
What is the outside shell that participates in bonding?
valence shell
two or more atoms held together by interaction of electrons, usually covalently bonded
molecule
two or more DIFFERENT elements combined in a fixed ratio and has different characteristics of its elements
compound
attraction of oppositely charged ions, exchange of electrons
ionic bond
sharing electrons, stronger than ionic bonds
covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electron density
polar
equal sharing of electron density
nonpolar
H bond with with O, N, or F in, weak in aqueous systems
hydrogen bonds
atoms have one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shells - unstable and reactive
free radicals
atom, molecule, or ion loses electron(s)
oxidation
atom, molecule, or ion gains electron(s)
reduction
attraction between molecules of same substance
cohesion
cohesion between water molecules
surface tension
attraction between molecules of different substances
adhesion
water can _________ a lot of heat without really changing ______
absorb/release
temperature
ice is ____ dense than water
less
water soluble molecules are ____
hydrophilic/polar
water insoluble molecules are ____
hydrophobic/nonpolar
increases H+ concentration, proton donors, pH LESS THAN 7
acid
reduces H+ concentration, proton acceptors, pH MORE THAN 7
base
minimize pH change and are composed of weak acids/bases
buffers
carbon skeletons held together by covalent bonds and hydrogen atoms/functional groups
organic compounds
carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon
inorganic compounds
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
same molecular formula but differ in arrangement
structural isomer
mirror images of each other
enantiomers
attached to Carbon backbone and determine characteristics of organic molecules
functional groups
polar, in alcohols
hydroxyl group
polar, in aldehydes and ketones
carbonyl group
weakly acidic, in organic acids
carboxyl group
weakly basic, in amino acids
** amino group **
polar, found in some amino acids
sulfhydryl group
weakly acidic, found in nucleic acids
phosphate group
nonpolar, found in lipids
methyl groups
putting stuff together and removing water
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
breaking stuff apart by adding water
hydrolysis
made of C H O in 1:2:1
carbohydrates
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage and structural construction
simple or single sugars
monosaccharides
two linked monosaccharides, double sugars
disaccharides