Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

complex cell with membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

simple cell with no organelles

A

prokaryotic

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3
Q

largest to smallest cell stuff

A

nucleus - chromosomes - genes - DNA - nucleotides

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4
Q

energy enters ecosystem as _____ and exits as _____

A

light / heat

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5
Q

define inductive reasoning

A

specific to general

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6
Q

define deductive reasoning

A

general to specific

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7
Q

cannot be broken down, composed of atoms

A

element

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8
Q

elements that are essential for life

A

oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen

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9
Q

smallest unit of element that will keep the properties of the element

A

atom

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10
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

number of protons

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11
Q

what is the mass number or atomic mass?

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

atoms of the same element but they have different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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13
Q

What changes between an element and an isotope?

A

atomic number will be the same but mass number will be different

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14
Q

What is the outside shell that participates in bonding?

A

valence shell

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15
Q

two or more atoms held together by interaction of electrons, usually covalently bonded

A

molecule

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16
Q

two or more DIFFERENT elements combined in a fixed ratio and has different characteristics of its elements

A

compound

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17
Q

attraction of oppositely charged ions, exchange of electrons

A

ionic bond

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18
Q

sharing electrons, stronger than ionic bonds

A

covalent bonds

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19
Q

unequal sharing of electron density

A

polar

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20
Q

equal sharing of electron density

A

nonpolar

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21
Q

H bond with with O, N, or F in, weak in aqueous systems

A

hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

atoms have one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shells - unstable and reactive

A

free radicals

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23
Q

atom, molecule, or ion loses electron(s)

A

oxidation

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24
Q

atom, molecule, or ion gains electron(s)

A

reduction

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25
Q

attraction between molecules of same substance

A

cohesion

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26
Q

cohesion between water molecules

A

surface tension

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27
Q

attraction between molecules of different substances

A

adhesion

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28
Q

water can _________ a lot of heat without really changing ______

A

absorb/release

temperature

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29
Q

ice is ____ dense than water

A

less

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30
Q

water soluble molecules are ____

A

hydrophilic/polar

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31
Q

water insoluble molecules are ____

A

hydrophobic/nonpolar

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32
Q

increases H+ concentration, proton donors, pH LESS THAN 7

A

acid

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33
Q

reduces H+ concentration, proton acceptors, pH MORE THAN 7

A

base

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34
Q

minimize pH change and are composed of weak acids/bases

A

buffers

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35
Q

carbon skeletons held together by covalent bonds and hydrogen atoms/functional groups

A

organic compounds

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36
Q

carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon

A

inorganic compounds

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37
Q

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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38
Q

same molecular formula but differ in arrangement

A

structural isomer

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39
Q

mirror images of each other

A

enantiomers

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40
Q

attached to Carbon backbone and determine characteristics of organic molecules

A

functional groups

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41
Q

polar, in alcohols

A

hydroxyl group

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42
Q

polar, in aldehydes and ketones

A

carbonyl group

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43
Q

weakly acidic, in organic acids

A

carboxyl group

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44
Q

weakly basic, in amino acids

A

** amino group **

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45
Q

polar, found in some amino acids

A

sulfhydryl group

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46
Q

weakly acidic, found in nucleic acids

A

phosphate group

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47
Q

nonpolar, found in lipids

A

methyl groups

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48
Q

putting stuff together and removing water

A

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

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49
Q

breaking stuff apart by adding water

A

hydrolysis

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50
Q

made of C H O in 1:2:1

A

carbohydrates

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51
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy storage and structural construction

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52
Q

simple or single sugars

A

monosaccharides

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53
Q

two linked monosaccharides, double sugars

A

disaccharides

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54
Q

long chains of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

55
Q

What are carbohydrates classified by?

A

carbonyl group

number of carbons

56
Q

corn syrup and fruit

A

fructose

57
Q

milk and sugar

A

galactose

58
Q

found in DNA and RNA

A

ribose and deoxyribose

59
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

60
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

61
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

62
Q

What links monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic linkage

63
Q

energy storage for plants

polymer of ALPHA glucose

A

starch

64
Q

energy storage for animals

polymer of ALPHA glucose

A

glycogen

65
Q

BETA glucose found in wall of plants

A

cellulose

66
Q

BETA glucose found in insects, crabs, spiders, and cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

67
Q

What do lipids have long chains of?

A

hydrophobic hydrocarbons

68
Q

What are lipids held together by?

A

Ester linkage

69
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group head

70
Q

a set of 4 fused Carbon rings with some side chains

A

steroids

71
Q

What are the bonds of proteins?

A

peptide bonds

72
Q

monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

73
Q

polymers of proteins

A

polypeptides

74
Q

indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses

A

cellulose

75
Q

the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

A

lipids

76
Q

What does an amino acid consist of?

A

an amino group, a carboxyl group, an R group, and an alpha carbon (usually labeled)

77
Q

amino acid chain by peptide bonds

A

primary structure

78
Q

helices and pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)

A

secondary structures

79
Q

complex foldings of chains (disulfide bridges, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions)

A

tertiary structure

80
Q

multiple tertiary proteins

A

quaternary structure

81
Q

assist in the proper folding of proteins

A

chaperonin

82
Q
  • change in the environment changes the shape of a protein

- destroy the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th structure

A

protein denaturing

83
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

84
Q

polymers of nucleic acids

A

polynucleotides (nucleic acid chains)

85
Q

nucleic acid bonds

A

phosphodiester bonds

86
Q

What is the structure of nucleotides?

A

phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and nitrogen-containing base

87
Q

double-ringed nitrogenous bases: A and G

A

purines

88
Q

single-ringed nitrogenous bases: T and C

A

pyrimidines

89
Q

double helix, build chromosomes to carry genetic info, strands are ANTIPARALLEL

A

DNA

90
Q

single stranded, has URACIL instead of thymine so U pairs with A, copies from DNA and aides in protein synthesis

A

RNA

91
Q

acts as an energy carriers

A

ATP

92
Q

all living organisms made of one or more cells, all cells arise from other cells, all cells have common origin, some are single-celled, others are multicellular

A

cell theory

93
Q

encloses all cells and regulates material flow

A

plasma membrane

94
Q

the fluid interior where a cell’s metabolic reactions occur

A

cytoplasm

95
Q

all cells use ____ as a hereditary blueprint

A

DNA

96
Q

used to copy DNA and make proteins

A

RNA

97
Q

volume of cell increases _____ than surface area

A

faster

98
Q

has organelles, use oxygen, multicellular, linear DNA

A

eukaryotic

99
Q

archaea/bacteria, most unicellular, no oxygen or organelles, circular DNA

A

prokaryotic

100
Q

double membrane bound, has chromatin (DNA and protein), nucleolus inside which is site of rRNA synthesis

A

nucleus

101
Q

made of rRNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

102
Q

membrane network, series of interconnected channels

A

endoplasmic Reticulum

103
Q

ribosomes attached, distributes transport vehicles

A

rough ER

104
Q

no ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxify drugs and poisons

A

smooth ER

105
Q

membraneous sacs, bud off of organelles, transport substances

A

vesicles

106
Q

set of flattened sacs (cisternae), receives proteins from ER on the cis side, packages material, and then leave the trans side - “post office”

A

Golgi apparatus

107
Q

contain digestive enzymes, acidic, budded off from Golgi

A

lysosomes

108
Q

membrane bound sacs; food, contractile, or central (in plant cells)

A

vacuoles

109
Q

double membrane, cristae- inner membrane folding, convert energy, have their own DNA, space- matrix

A

mitochondria

110
Q

double membrane, space- stroma, small discs- thylakoids, one stack of thylakoids is a granum. Where photosynthesis happens. has own circular DNA

A

chloroplasts

111
Q

eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. a non-photosynthetic organelle engulged a photosynthetic one.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

112
Q

evidence of endosymbiont theory

A
  1. double membrane
  2. both organelles have their own DNA
  3. their activities are autonomous
113
Q

break down long chain fatty acids, produce hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

114
Q

main functions of the cytoskeleton

A

cell shape, cell movement, organelle movement, facilitating cell division

115
Q

microtubule organizing centers, has two centrioles: 9+0 pattern

A

centrosomes

116
Q

made of microtubules, 9+2 pattern, basal body- anchor cilia and flagella to cell; dynein: attach and fasten pairs, play roles in bending movement by sliding the microtubules

A

cilia and flagella

117
Q

important in muscle cells in conjunction with myosin

A

microfilaments

118
Q

move organelles through mictotubules and microfilaments. consume ATP. walk by feet along microtubules

A

motor proteins

119
Q

support cell shape

A

intermediate filament

120
Q

only in plants, made of cellulose

A

cell wall

121
Q

in animal cells. functions: communication, cell recognition

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

122
Q

specialized contact between cells

A

cell junctions

123
Q

perforate plant cell walls, allow water and small stuff to pass

A

plasmodesmata

124
Q

What are the cell junctions in animal cells?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

125
Q

isolates the cell’s contents from environment, regulates exchange of essential substances

A

plasma membrane

126
Q

What are the other functions of the plasma membrane?

A

communicates with other cells, creates attachments within and between other cells, and provides a surface for biochemical reactions

127
Q

protein floating in a double layer of phospholipids

A

fluid mosaic model

128
Q

double layer of hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails

A

phospholipid bilayer

129
Q

an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures

A

homeoviscuous adaptation

130
Q

stabilizes membrane fluidity in animal membranes

A

cholesterol

131
Q

proteins on the surface of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

132
Q

proteins that penetrate the membrane

A

integral proteins

133
Q

random motion of particles. net movement of particles from an area of with a high concentration to an area with a low concentration

A

diffusion