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Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

Lac operon

A

Controls the breakdown of lactose

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2
Q

Replication fork

A

Y shaped area at either end of the replication bubble where replication is continuously occurring

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3
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

The small fragments of DNA found on the lagging strand

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4
Q

Three steps of DNA replication

A

Initiation, elongation, termination,

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5
Q

Initiation

A

Involves the use of a primer at the origin of replication

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6
Q

Elongation

A

The continual addition of nucleotides

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7
Q

Termination

A

The end of replication

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8
Q

Central dogma

A

The idea that we move from DNA to RNA to protein’s

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme responsible for replacing the primer with DNA nucleotides

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10
Q

DNA ligase

A

The enzyme responsible for joining the fragments together

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11
Q

Exons

A

The coding part that we keep

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12
Q

What happens to introns and exons during RNA splicing

A

Introns are removed and the exons are glued together

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13
Q

Promoter and bonds to it

A

Sequence in the DNA that indicates the start of a gene RNA polymerase first binds here before transcription starts

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14
Q

Genes

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

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15
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene

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16
Q

Diploid

A

Two full sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

Haploid

A

One set of chromosomes usually found in sex cells

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18
Q

Loci

A

Location of a gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

Sister chromatid

A

And identical pair of chromatid created during replication, 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome

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20
Q

Centromere

A

Where to chromosomes are attached

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21
Q

Kinetochores

A

The thing with the spindle fibers connect to to pull apart chromatids during cell division

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22
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S phase, G2, M phase

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23
Q

G1 phase

A

The growth phase, the cell prepares to divide

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24
Q

S phase

A

The synthesis phase Asterix

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25
G2 phase
The cell prepares for mitosis
26
M phase
Split of the nucleus
27
Karyokinesis
A step in the M phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus splits to form a daughter cells. It is the same in both mitosis and meiosis
28
Cytokinesis
The splitting of the cells cytoplasm to make the two daughter cells. The same process in both but it happens twice in meiosis
29
Phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis
30
Prophase of mitosis
The nuclear envelope and a nucleolus dissolved, centrioles begin to form, chromatin form distinct chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form
31
Metaphase of mitosis
Chromosomes meet on the metaphase plate, the kinetochores is attached, the spindle fibers are completely formed and attached to centromere's
32
Anaphase of mitosis
The cell elongates, the chromosome split and move to opposite sides of the polls as they are pulled apart by spindle fibers, centromere split, daughter chromosomes move toward the polls
33
Telophase of mitosis
Chromosomes dissolve into chromatin, nucleosis and nuclear membrane reappear, spindle fibers disappear
34
Difference between cytokinesis in plant cells versus animal cells
Animal cells use a cleavage Furrough to separate the cells. The cytoplasm has a contract I'll ring of acting filaments that contract when they interact with myosin. Plant cells have vesicles containing plant cell wall material that meet in the middle of the cell forming a plate that will separate the cell
35
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction. Genetic material is found floating throughout the cytoplasm, DNA is copied in a similar manner to eukaryotes but within oneself only
36
Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis happens once and create two identical cells that are body cells while meiosis happens twice producing for cells and is used for sexual sells
37
Nondisjunction
When a chromosome fails to separate, it can happen happen during meiosis and can cause there to be an abnormal amount of chromosomes and dammit
38
Watson and crick experiment
Discovered the double helix
39
Erwin Chargaff
Discovered the base pairing rules
40
Purines
Contain two rings in a nitrogenous base a and G
41
Pyrimidines
Contain one ring in the nitrogenous base T and C
42
DNA polymerase
Adds nucleotides at the three end of the strand strand grows in five prime to three prime
43
DNA ligase
Links the pieces together to form a single strand,
44
RNA polymerize
Links RNA nucleotides
45
Helicases
Unwind replication bubble
46
What does semi conservative mean
Half the parent DNA is conserved for the other half is replicated
47
DNA make up
Made up of deoxyribose and contains adenine, Thymine, guanine, and cytosine. It is double-stranded
48
RNA makeup
It is made up of ribose and has an ad in the end, cytosine, guanine, and UreSil. Single-stranded
49
M RNA
Messenger RNA, carries the translated message to later to be interpreted
50
tRNA
Transfer RNA, interprets mRNA message to be turned into nucleotides
51
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes
52
Transcription
The transfer of DNA into RNA, takes place in the nucleus
53
Translation
The transfer of RNA messages into protein
54
Initiation of transcription
Involves the use of a primer at the origin of replication
55
Elongation of transcription and it's three steps
Ads polypeptides: codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
56
Codon Recognition
I step in elongation of translation, tRNA bonds with mRNA in the A site
57
Peptide bond formation
A step in elongation of translation, a polypeptide separates from the tRNA to which it was bound in the P site, amino acids get added to the chain
58
RNA splicing
The removal of Intron's, the non-coding regions, and splicing of axons, the coding regions
59
Poly a tail
Adding many adenines to the 3' end
60
Anti-codons
A tRNA triplet that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA. During translation, the anti-codon recognizes the mRNA
61
Lysogenic cycle
DNA replication occurs without destroying the host cell
62
Lytic cycle
The reproductive cycle in which the host cell lysis
63
Prophage
A term used to describe DNA of a phage after it is inserted into a host DNA
64
Homologous structures
Features that have different functions but evolved from a common ancestor
65
Vistigial structures
Structures that are marginal or of no importance to the organism
66
Analogous structures
Structures that have the same function but do not come from the same ancestor
67
Genetic drift
A change in gene pool of a population due to chance
68
Stabilizing selection
Favors intermediate phenotypes. Occurs in stable environments
69
Directional shift
A shift that shift the overall make up of a population by acting against individuals at one end of the extremes. Common during environmental change
70
Disruptive selection
Favors individuals at both extremes, can lead to two or more contrasting phenotypes in a population
71
Speciation
A change in population over time

Biology (3 decks)

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