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Bio Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Define electrolytes. Give an example.

A

Salts
Na, Cl, K
Imbalance causes nervous system problems

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1
Q

Describe the locations of body water using terms like intracellular and extra cellular with definitions/examples of each

A 
Intra- inside cell
Extra- outside cell
Can be
Interstitial- in between cells
In digestive tract
Circulatory system
Urinary
Glandular secretions
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2
Q

Define pH.

A

-log [H+]

Measure of H concentration acidic neutral or basic

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3
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.4 +/- .05

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4
Q

How does the body compensate for hypovolemia? Hypervolemia?

A 
Hypervolemia- raised blood volume
Body lowers ADH
Excretes Na (sodium)
Hypovolemia- low blood volume
Retain Na
Release ADH
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5
Q

What can cause acidosis? How does the body compensate?

A

Not eating

?

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6
Q

What can cause alkalosis? How does the body compensate?

A

Respiratory problems

?

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7
Q

Draw the basic structure of an amino acid.

A 
H    
         l    
H-N-C-COOH
     l   l
    H  *
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8
Q

List all the categories of side chains.

A

?

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9
Q

What type of linkage exists between amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

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10
Q

List three monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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11
Q

Three polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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12
Q

Two disaccharides

A

Sucrose, lactose

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13
Q

Differ between CIS and trans fat

A

Trans- linear, clog arteries

CIS- same side

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14
Q

Define oligosaccharides

A

2-10 glucose chain

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15
Q

Give two examples of skin problems associated with papilloma viruses.

A

Warts

- plantar warts, on foot, surgical removal

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16
Q

Name the two most common bacteria in the skin.

A

Staph and strep

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17
Q

Name the three skin infections associated with a bacterial infection.

A

Folliculitis
Cellulitis
Imputigo

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18
Q

What causes Lyme disease? Symptoms? Tx?

A

Ioxidios- deer tick
Bacteria
Multiple symptoms, persistent headache
Tx antibiotic

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19
Q

Why would candida be a problem?

A

Vagunal fungus

Can cause a problem if taking antibiotics, overgrowth

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20
Q

What does hypersensitivity of the sebaceous gland cause? Etiology?

A

Acne, folliculitis

Due to excessive hormones

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21
Q

Describe “cradle cap” and “dandruff”

A

Cradle cap- sebarrheal dermatitis

Dandruff- dry skin

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22
Q

What is another term for eczema? Etiology?

A

Ectopic dermatitis

Heredity, other diseases, allergies

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23
Q

Differ between urticaria and contact dermatitis

A

Urticaria- hives

Contact dermatitis- poison ivy

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24
Q

Why would a shot that activates the anterior pituitary (specifically ACTH) be used for contact dermatitis?

A

To relieve itching by the body producing steroids

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25
Q

Define psoriasis. Tx?

A

Chronic skin condition, stress?

Tx manage stress

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26
Q

Name one benign tumor of the skin.

A

Hemangioma- birth mark

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27
Q

What is another name for hemangioma? Name 3 types.

A

Birth mark
Port wine
Strawberry
Cherry

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28
Q

Define Kaposi’s sarcoma. Who is at risk? Why?

A

Vascular tumor
Associated with aids
Comprised immune system

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29
Q

Define: albinism, vitiligo, melasma

A

Albinism- lack of milanocytes
Vitiligo- inactivity of milanocytes
Melasma- increased activity of milanocytes

30
Q

Define alopecia. Etiology?

A

Loss of hair, male pattern baldness
Decreased testosterone?
Copper deficiency

31
Q

What type of agent is a dermatophyte? What specific tinea is associated with ringworm athletes foot jock itch nail problems?

A 
It's a fungus 
Tinea corporis- ringworm
Tinea pedis- athletes foot
Tinea crurias- jock itch
Tinea unguium- nail problems
32
Q

Define gene

A

Sequence of nucleotides that code for a specific protein

33
Q

Define haploid

A

Single set of chromosomes

34
Q

Define diploid

A

Pair of chromosomes

35
Q

Define nucleotide

A

It’s PO4 attached to sugar which is attached to a base

36
Q

Germ cell

A

Haploid

37
Q

Chromatid

A

An individual chromosome

38
Q

Allele

A

Another name for a gene

39
Q

Function of a gene?

A

To make a protein

40
Q

Describe a chromosome include the physical m/u total number of strands and the approx % of junk DNA

A

45,000 bases 18 axons 839 AIA 98% junk

41
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

42
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance

43
Q

Dominant

A

Capital letter dominant allele

44
Q

Recessive

A

Recessive lower case allele

45
Q

Homozygous

A

Two same alleles - LL or ll

46
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles- Ll

47
Q

Autosome

A

Chromosome that determine somatic or body function (not sex chromosome)
22

48
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction

49
Q

Mitosis

A

Cellular reproduction

50
Q

Gamete

A

?

51
Q

Autosomes

A

Non sex chromosomes

52
Q

Gonads

A

Testicles

53
Q

Describe three errors of transcription

A

Wrong gene selection
Don’t start & stop at the right place
Reassemble incorrectly

54
Q

Describe three errors of translation

A

Start at the wrong place at mRNA
Bring in the wrong tRNA
Process protein before it is released

55
Q

How many genes in human

A

30,000 genes

56
Q

What makes us so complicated?

A

Interactions between the proteins

57
Q

Mutagens

A

Energy that alters the DNA
Sunlight
Smoking
Chemicals

58
Q

Three types of mutations

A

Point mutation
Chromosomal deletion
Chromosomal addition

59
Q

4 non lethal autosomal traits result of a single genes fx

A 
Finger length 
Ear lobes
Widows peak
Tongue curling
Hyper extendible thumb
60
Q

Difference between congenital and heredity defects

A

Congenial- present at birth

Heredity- genetic makeup

61
Q

How does a carrier develop

A

When someone is heterozygous they carry the recessive trait but don’t display it

62
Q

Explain cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive
Congenital
Chlorine/ sodium protein
Chromosome #7

63
Q

Name two parasitic skin diseases, agent, tx?

A

Pediculosis- infestation of lice
Medicated shampoo
Scabies- infestation by the itch mite
Application of lindane cream

63
Q

Definition of abrasion and avulsion

A

Abrasion- trauma caused by scraping away skin

Avulsion- when skin is torn away

63
Q

Differences between the types of burns

A

1 degree- epidermis burn
2 degree- epidermis and dermis burn
3 degree- epidermis dermis and exposes fat/muscle/bone

63
Q

Describe decubitus ulcer

A

Pressure injury, bedsore

64
Q

Describe the effects of aging on the skin

A

Wrinkles, stretchy, dryness

65
Q

Karyotype

A

Process to visualize chromosomes

66
Q

What are the sex linked chromosomes? Which one is normally affected?

A

X, Y

X

67
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Sex linked disorder
Shows between ages of 2-5
Progressive degeneration of the muscles

68
Q

ALS

A

Destructive disease of motor neurons

Presents after age 50 mostly in males

69
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Chronic hereditary form of anemia
Causes abnormal cell shape
Hereditary

Bio Final (1 decks)

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