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Bio Definitions > BIO Final > Flashcards

BIO Final Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Evolutionary changes in allele frequencies due to random events, more significant in small populations.

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2
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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3
Q

Alpha Diversity

A

The number of species in a specific, smaller area or ecosystem.

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4
Q

Beta Diversity

A

The rate of change in species composition between different habitats or regions.

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5
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

The total number of species in a larger region or landscape.

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6
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurring within the same geographic area, often due to genetic mutations or niche differentiation.

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7
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurring due to geographic separation of populations

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8
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species with a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance.

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9
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

The principle that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist at constant population values.

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10
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The process by which similar species exploit the limited resources in an ecological area without one species driving the others into extinction.

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11
Q

Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG)

A

Definition: The increase in biodiversity as one moves from the poles toward the equator.

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12
Q

Museum Hypothesis

A

Definition: The concept that tropical regions preserve high biodiversity by maintaining species over long periods with low extinction rates.

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13
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Definition: Defines species as groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

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14
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Definition: Defines species based on physical characteristics and structural features.

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15
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Definition: Defines species based on their ecological niche and role in the ecosystem.

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16
Q

Genetic Species Concept

A

Definition: Defines species based on genetic similarity and distinctiveness.

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17
Q

Polyploidy

A

Definition: Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

17
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Definition: A type of polyploidy involving multiple chromosome sets from one species.

18
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Definition: A type of polyploidy that combines chromosome sets from different species.

19
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Definition: The theory that species remain relatively unchanged for long periods, with rapid bursts of evolutionary change during short periods.

20
Q

Gradual Speciation

A

Definition: The theory that species evolve through slow, continuous changes over long periods.

21
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Definition: Random changes in allele frequencies in a population, more significant in small populations.

22
Q

Founder Effect

A

Definition: A form of genetic drift where a new population is established by a small number of individuals, leading to reduced genetic diversity.

23
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Definition: A form of genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size, leading to loss of genetic variation.

24
Q

Gene Flow

A

Definition: The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations.

25
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Definition: A type of natural selection that favors intermediate traits and selects against extreme variations.

26
Q

Directional Selection

A

Definition: A type of natural selection that favors one extreme trait over others.

27
Q

Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection

A

Definition: A type of natural selection that favors both extreme traits over intermediate ones.

28
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Definition: A form of natural selection where traits that enhance mating success are favored.

29
Q

Edge Effects

A

Definition: Changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats, often altering light, temperature, and predation.

30
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Definition: The breaking up of continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches, leading to reduced species diversity and increased vulnerability to extinction.

31
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Definition: Mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding, ensuring species integrity.

32
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

Definition: A postzygotic reproductive barrier where hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.

33
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

Definition: A geographic area where interbreeding occurs between two species, producing hybrids.

34
Q

Reinforcement

A

Definition: The process by which natural selection increases reproductive isolation between populations.

35
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Definition: The rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into multiple new species adapted to different niches.

36
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Definition: Anatomical features that have lost their original function through evolution, reflecting ancestry.

37
Q

Endemic Species

A

Definition: Species that are native to and found only within a specific geographic location.

38
Q

Commensalism

A

Definition: A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

39
Q

Predation

A

Definition: An interaction where one species (predator) hunts and feeds on another (prey).

40
Q

Rescue Effect

A

Definition: The immigration of individuals from a larger population to replenish declining populations on islands, enhancing their chances of recovery and persistence.

Bio Definitions (3 decks)

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