Bio Final Flashcards
1
Q
list the 7 steps of the scientific method
A
- make observations
- ask questions
- form a hypothesis
- make a prediction
- do the experiment
- draw a conclusion
- report the results
2
Q
define hypothesis
A
a proposed explanation for a set of observations (a valid hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable)
3
Q
define an independent variable
A
what is being manipulated by the researchers as a potential cause
4
Q
define a dependent variable
A
the response, output, or effect under investigation that is used to judge the outcome of the experiment.
5
Q
define science
A
an approach to understanding the natural world around us
6
Q
what are the properties associated with living organisms and the characteristics which make life forms more unique
A
- have cells
- growth and development
- reproduction
- response to stimuli
- metabolism
- homeostasis
- adaptation
- energy
7
Q
define metabolism
A
all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell such as catabolic and anabolic reactions
8
Q
define homeostasis
A
the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries (balance)
9
Q
list the 4 elements common to all life
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
10
Q
what are proteins constructed from
A
amino acids
11
Q
what are carbohydrates constructed from
A
monosaccharides
12
Q
what are nucleic acids constructed from
A
nucleotides
13
Q
what are lipids constructed from
A
glycerol and fatty acids
14
Q
what is the cell theory
A
- all living things are composed of cells
- all cells come from living cell
15
Q
describe the main differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
A
Prokaryotic cells:
- do not have a true nucleus
- are smaller and simpler
- no membrane bound organelles, but do
have tiny ribosomes
- have a region with a single, circular DNA
strand
Eukaryotic cells:
- contain a true nucleus
- large and complex
- have membrane bound organelles
including ribosomes
- one or more linear chromosomes
16
Q
what kind of organisms have prokaryotic cells?
A
bacteria and archaebacteria
17
Q
what kind of organisms have eukaryotic cells?
A
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
18
Q
describe the structure of the nucleus
A
- consists of the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that surrounds and isolates the nuclear contents
- the nuclear matrix which acts like the cytoskeleton and provides support
19
Q
describe the function of the nucleus
A
- the control center
- storing and managing DNA
- regulates growth, division and protein synthesis
- information precessing center
20
Q
describe the structure of the cell wall
A
strong protective structure that surrounds a cell
21
Q
describe the function of the cell wall
A
provide structural support, shape, and protection to a cell
22
Q
describe the structure of the plasma membrane
A
- double layer of fat (lipid bilayer)
- has embedded proteins
- hydrophilic heads facing out
- hydrophobic facing in
23
Q
describe the function of the plasma membrane
A
- protects the cell
- regulates what enters and exits (selectively
permeable) - facilitate communication
- controls internal environment
24
Q
describe the structure of the cytoplasm
A
a gel-like, fluid substance that fills the inside of a cell
25
describe the function of the cytoplasm
- holds, supports + protects organelles
- facilitating movement
26
describe the structure of the mitochondria
- double membrane bound
- has an outer and inner membrane
- inner folds called cristae
- gel-like matrix inside
- highly folded inner membrane
27
describe the function of the mitochondria
- produces the majority of the cell's ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation
28
describe the structure of the golgi apparatus
a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacks called cisternae
29
describe the function of the golgi apparatus
- a processing and packaging center
- receiving proteins and lipids from the ER
- packaging them into vesicles and sends them where they need to go within the cell
30
describe the stucture of the nucleolus
a small, dense, spherical structure found within the nucleus
31
describe the function of the nucleolus
produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes
32
describe the structure of the chloroplasts
- a round, double membrane structure
- has stacked "coins" inside called thylakoids
- in groups thylakoids are called grana
- filled with a fluid called stroma
33
describe the function of the chloroplasts
- the site of photosynthesis
34
describe the structure of the lysosomes
sphere-shaped sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes
35
describe the function of the lysosomes
- garbage disposal unit
- breaks down waste materials, worn out cell parts and foreign substances
36
describe the structure of the rough ER
- a network of flattened, interconnected sacs called the cisternae
- studded with ribosomes
37
describe the function of the rough ER
produces proteins for the cell
38
describe the structure of the smooth ER
a long network of a folded, tube-like structure
39
describe the function of the smooth ER
- synthesize lipids (most important)
- metabolize carbohydrates
- detoxify drugs and harmful substances by producing enzymes to break them down
40
describe the structure of the cytoskeleton
made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
41
describe the function of the cytoskeleton
- structural support
- internal organization
- enable cell movement
42
describe the structure of the central vacuole
a large, fluid-filled sac inside a plant cell, enclosed by a single membrane called the tonoplas
43
describe the function of the central vacuole
- maintains the cells internal pressure
- stores water, nutrients and waste
44
what are the 4 components of the plasma membrane
1. phospholipid bilayer
2. cholesterol
3. proteins
4. carbohydrate chains
45
list the 3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
46
describe facilitated diffusion
a type of passive transport performed by proteins
47
describe diffusion
the movement of molecules from high to low concentration to spread out evenly into the available space
48
describe osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable surface
49
define selectively permeable
when a membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell (the plasma membrane)
50
describe hypertonic
- concentration is greater outside the cell than inside.
- water rushes out of cell
51
describe hyoptonic
- concentration is higher inside the cell than outside
- water moves inside the cell
52
what happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution
it shrinks
53
what happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution
it wilts
54
what happens to an animal cell (blood cell) in a hypotonic solution
swells or bursts
55
what happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution
the cell doesn't burst due to the cell wall, just becomes erect
56
describe isotonic
concentration inside and out are equal
- no water gain or loss
57
58
describe potential energy
- stored energy or energy thath an "object has" because of its location or structure
- molecules of food, gasoline, and other fuels have chemical energy (a form of potential energy) which arises with the arrangement of atoms
59
the law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another
60
what's an example of the law of conservation of energy
A ball falling:
as a ball falls, its potential energy turns into kinetic energy. When the ball hits the floor the energy doesn't go away but is converted to heat or sound
61
the law of entropy
- entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness
- in a system when energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of energy
62
give an example of the law of entropy
When a hot cup of coffe cools down on a table:
- the heat energy disperses into the air, increasing the overall disorder of the system. making it impossible to reverse this process
63
explain the role of ATP in life forms and cellular work
- nothing can work without ATP
- chemical energy released during cellular respiration is used to create molecules of ATP
64
differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic pathways
- energy to fuel cells is produced arobically with oxygen or anaerobically in the absence of oxygen
- aerobic: cell respiration
- anaerobic: fermentation
65
define autotrophs
autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy
66
define heterotrophs
heterotrphs are consumers because they obtain their food by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants
67
Whats the chemical formula for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O
68
what side of the chemical formula for aerobic respiration are the reactants and what are the products
the left side is the reactants, the right side are the products
69
what are the steps of cell respiration
glycolysis- citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
70
how much ATP is produced during aerobic cellular respiration
32 ATP
71
describe the functions of cell division in asexual and sexual reproduction
- replaces damaged cells
- permits growth of cells
- allows for sexual reproduction
72
define mitosis
the type of cell division responsible for asexual reproduction, growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms
73
define cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
74
summarize prophase
- chromosomes condense (now with sister chromatids)
- nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
- the mitotic spindle forms the centriole pair
- protein microtubules (spindle) attach and move chromosomes around
75
summarize metaphase
chromosomes align across the equator of the cell on the mitotic spindle
76
summarize anaphase
- centromeres split
- sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides
- they look "V" shaped
77
summarize telophase
- nuclear envelope appear and nucleolus forms around chromosomes
- membrane appears
- chromosomes revert back to the uncondensed form (chromatin)
78
when does crossing over occur?
prophase I
79
what is the difference between the product of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: 2 genetically identical daughter cells
with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cells
Meiosis: produces 4 genetically distinct daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes than the parent
80
what is crossing over?
when chromosomes exchange genetic material
(why the daughter cells in meiosis are genetically diverse)
81
what is the cell cycle?
the order of events that extend from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell to its own division into two cells
82
what are the 3 main steps to the cell cycle
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
83
define alleles
alternate forms of a gene
84
what is a heterozygous allele
when an organism has two different alleles
85
what is a homozygous allele
when an organism has two identical alleles
86
describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule
the nucleotides are covalently linked together in a chain through the sugars and phosphates, which form a backbone of alternating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate bonds
87
what are the monomers of DNA and RNA
nucleotides
88
list the four nucleotide groups of nitrogen bases found in DNA
A, T, G, C
(adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
89
what is complementary base pairing
when Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) pair up
and Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) pair up
90
what is the complementary form of AAA CGC TGG
TTT GCG ACC
