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important tests spring 24 > BIO final > Flashcards

BIO final Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdoms

A

Protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

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2
Q

Domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya- 4 kingdoms

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3
Q

Smallest level of biology organization considered alive

A

cell

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4
Q

INdependent variable

A

variable that is being MANIPULATED

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5
Q

DEpendent variable

A

dependent on the independent variable

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6
Q

amount of energy available in various food webs

A

10% from one level to the next

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7
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the population that an ecosystem can support indefinitely

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8
Q

biotic potential

A

the amount of life an ecosystem can handle in ideal conditions

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9
Q

population

A

group of individuals of same species that occupy same geo. area

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10
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in allele frequency due to chance events

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11
Q

bottleneck effect

A

when a major catastrophe wipes out large pop. regardless of how healthy they were

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12
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals leave group & establish new pop.

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13
Q

gene flow

A

redistribution of alleles due to migrations in/out of pop.

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14
Q

community

A

pop. of all species that occupy same geo. area & interact

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15
Q

ecosystem

A

community of organisms & physical env. they live in

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16
Q

biosphere

A

all ecosystems on earth

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17
Q

homologous structure

A

structure that is the SAME among different species (ie human arm/dog arm)

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18
Q

analogous structure

A

structure that has a SIMILAR function but evolved from DIFF. ORIGINS (ie insect wing/bird wing)

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19
Q

vestigial structure

A

structures that NO LONGER have a function but are homologous to structures in other organisms (ie human coccyx, wisdom teeth)

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20
Q

location of the richest source of information on evolution

A

fossils

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21
Q

acid rain

A

sulfuric & nitric acid in rain

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22
Q

ozone depletion

A

CO2 emissions burning holes in the earth’s protective layer (ozone)

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23
Q

global warming

A

increase in avg. global temp.

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24
Q

ecology

A

study of relationships between organisms & their physical environment

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25
Q

PROkaryotic cells

A

cells WITHOUT a nucleus

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26
Q

EUkaryotic cells

A

cells WITH a nucleus

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27
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

polar heads with non polar tails

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28
Q

CR
glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose, occurs in cytoplasm, needs ATP, 6 carbon –> 2 3 carbon pyruvates, NO OXYGEN

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29
Q

CR
Krebs Cycle

A

2 ATP created

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30
Q

electron transport chain

A

OXYGEN IS ESSENTIAL, generates 36 ATP

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31
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport, high –> low

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32
Q

osmosis

A

semi permeable membrane, movement of water, requires no energy

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33
Q

active transport

A

NEEDS ENERGY (ATP), concentration gradient LOW –> HIGH, ie sodium potassium pump

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34
Q

passive transport

A

no energy

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35
Q

separates the abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

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36
Q

where synovial membranes are located

A

joints

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37
Q

lipid - producing organelle

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

ATP - producing organelle

A

mitochondria

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39
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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40
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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41
Q

where epidermis is located

A

top layer of skin

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42
Q

spinal cord structures from skull to pelvis

A

skull, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

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43
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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44
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs

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45
Q

osteoBLASTS

A

FORM bones

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46
Q

osteoCLASTS

A

DESTROY bones

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47
Q

neuron structure

A

cell body, nucleus, axon, dendrites

48
Q

axon

A

RELAY information

49
Q

dendrites

A

TAKE IN information

50
Q

flexion

A

REDUCES joint angle

51
Q

extension

A

INCREASES joint angle

52
Q

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A

sarcomere
actin - thin
myosin - thick

53
Q

attachment points of sarcomere

A

z-lines

54
Q

isometric contraction

A

force WITHOUT movement

55
Q

isotonic contraction

A

force WITH movement

56
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

57
Q

smooth & cardiac

A

involuntary (w/striations)

58
Q

*** where a muscle stores extra ATP

A

as creatine phosphate

59
Q

what makes up plasma

A

90% water

60
Q

circulatory system

A

delivering blood and oxygen to parts of body

61
Q

erythropoietin

A

makes Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

62
Q

blood flow

A

pulmonary –> lungs (puff)
systemic –> body
chamber valve chamber valve
arteries - blood AWAY from heart
veins - valves
capillaries - transport nutrients
layers: epicardium (outside), endocardium (inside), myocardium (muscle)

63
Q

universal donor blood type

A

type O

64
Q

universal receiver blood type

A

type AB
*Rh factors

65
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

specialized connective tissue

66
Q

normal BP

A

120/80

67
Q

tonsils & adenoids

A

both part of lymphatic system for immune defense.
tonsils - throat
adenoids - back of nasal passages

68
Q

3 lines of defense

A

1st - skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus, vagina, vomiting/urinate/defecate, resident bacteria
2nd - nonspecific (inflammation, fever)
3rd - self cells v non self cells

69
Q

vomit, urine, mucus, and tears

A

first line of defense

70
Q

bacteria, virus and prions

A

Bacteria – unicellular PROkaryotes infectious agents (living) (antibiotics)
Virus – tiny infectious agents with DNA or RNA
Prions – normal brain proteins that are NOT folded correctly

71
Q

antibodies are made by

A

B lymphocytes

72
Q

transmit an infection

A

Some diseases are easier to transmit than others (airborne) but some diseases require more contact to contract, ie STDS

73
Q

respiratory system

A

Upper Respiratory System – Nose, nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx
Lower Respiratory System – Larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

74
Q

Review how are oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the lungs

A

O2 and CO2 is exchanged in the lungs DIRECTLY across the alveoli

75
Q

role of hemoglobin in the blood

A

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen

76
Q

major parts and function of the brain

A

cerebrum - language, decision making, conscious thought
cerebellum - body movements
medulla - reg. HR/BP
hypothalamus - reg. homeostasis
corpus callosum - connects R & L hemispheres

77
Q

motor and sensory neurons

A

Motor Neurons – neurons in the PNS that TRANSMIT info AWAY from CNS
Sensory Neurons – neurons in the PNS that RECEIVE stimuli neurons and transmit info TO the CNS

78
Q

Dura mater, Arachnoid matter, and Pia matter

A

Meninges ie protective membranes of the spinal cord
Dura Mater – 1st
Arachnoid Mater – 2nd
Pia Mater – 3rd

79
Q

central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

80
Q

sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic system

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight!!!!
Parasympathetic: try to calm down
Somatic: under your control

81
Q

role of the sodium/potassium pump in transferring action potentials

A

Maintains cell volume AND keeps the cell charge where it needs to be. Positive outside, negative inside

82
Q

how and why an action potential moves along the axon due to the transfer

A

Nodes of Ranvier

83
Q

structures of the eye

A

Eye – sclera (whites of eye), cornea (outermost layer), aqueous humor (second most layer), iris (colored part), lens, vitreous humor (behind lens), retina (bottom of eye), optic nerve (back of eye), macula (back of eye), optic disk (back of eye)

84
Q

structures of the ear

A

Ear – pinna (outer ear), incus/anvil, malleus/hammer, auditory canal, tympanic membrane (all middle ear), semicircular canals, vestibulocohlear nerve, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, vestibule, oval window, stapes/stirrup, cochlea, round window, auditory tube (all inner ear)

85
Q

hairs cells

A

Determines pitch and deals with linear motion

86
Q

mechanical and chemoreceptors

A

Chemoreceptors: presence of chemicals
Mechanical: pressure

87
Q

Review where the ADH hormone is produced

A

Posterior pituitary gland

88
Q

Review what hormone lowers blood sugar

A

Insulin

89
Q

Review the hormones released during the fight or flight response

A

Norepinephrine, adrenaline, cortisol

90
Q

Know why hormones come in contact with almost every living cell in the body

A

Circulate in blood and come in contact with cells and react with certain cells

91
Q

Know where the sense of smell is located

A

Olfactory bulb

92
Q

Review why we have a blind spot in both eyes

A

Optic nerve exiting the optic disk

93
Q

***Understand what part of the eye changes shape?

A

The lens changes shape

94
Q

Know where the bolus of food travels after the mouth

A

Esophogus  stomach  sm intestine  large intestine  rectum  anus

95
Q

Understand how undigested (wastes) material is removed from the GI track

A

Elimination

96
Q

Know where bile is produced an stored

A

Produced in liver and stored in gallbladder

97
Q

Know where in the GI track most nutrients are absorbed and digested

A

Absorbed: small intestine

98
Q

Know which organ secretes HCL (hydrochloric acid)

A

Stomach

99
Q

Know the parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum – where most digestion occurs
Jejunum – absorption
Illeum - absorption

100
Q

Know how urine flows from the kidney

A

Kidney  ureters  bladder  urethra

101
Q

Review glomerular filtration

A

High level of blood pressure

102
Q

Review what the structures of the renal tubules

A

Proximal Tubule: water is reabsorbed the most

103
Q

Understand the difference between dilute and concentrated urine

A

Dilute: more water and less solutes (losing water)
Concentrated: more solutes less water (conserving water)

104
Q

Know how many pairs of chromosomes humans have

A

2 pairs (46 total)

105
Q

Know what Meiosis is

A

The division of sex cells (sperm & egg) 2x and produces 4 daughter cells

106
Q

Review how sperm leaves the testes

A

Seminiferous tubules  epididymis  ductus deferns  ejaculatory duct  penis

107
Q

Review: the four phases of mitosis

A

P.M.A.T
Prophase – centrioles attach to cell poles
Metaphase – duplicate chromosomes form single line at equator between centrioles
Anaphase – duplicate chromosomes separate, daughter chromosomes pulled apart
Telephase – chromosomes turn into chromatin

108
Q

Know where fertilization occurs

A

Upper 3rd of fallopian tube

109
Q

Review what Sertoli cells produce

A

Sertoli cells produce Inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion

110
Q

Which of the following is not a phenotype?

A

Anything that is not outward expression

111
Q

Review Punnett squares

A

A square method that predicts patterns of inheritance

112
Q

Know the difference between heterozygous and homozygous

A

Heterozygous – two DIFFERENT alleles
Homozygous – two IDENTICAL alleles

113
Q

Know which gene determines gender

A

Male XY

114
Q

Know what causes Down’s syndrome

A

3 copies of Chromosome 21

115
Q

What is considered the best form of birth control

A

abstinence

important tests spring 24 (5 decks)

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