BIO final Flashcards
1
Q
Kingdoms
A
Protista, plantae, animalia, fungi
2
Q
Domains
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya- 4 kingdoms
3
Q
Smallest level of biology organization considered alive
A
cell
4
Q
INdependent variable
A
variable that is being MANIPULATED
5
Q
DEpendent variable
A
dependent on the independent variable
6
Q
amount of energy available in various food webs
A
10% from one level to the next
7
Q
Carrying Capacity
A
the population that an ecosystem can support indefinitely
8
Q
biotic potential
A
the amount of life an ecosystem can handle in ideal conditions
9
Q
population
A
group of individuals of same species that occupy same geo. area
10
Q
genetic drift
A
random changes in allele frequency due to chance events
11
Q
bottleneck effect
A
when a major catastrophe wipes out large pop. regardless of how healthy they were
12
Q
founder effect
A
when a few individuals leave group & establish new pop.
13
Q
gene flow
A
redistribution of alleles due to migrations in/out of pop.
14
Q
community
A
pop. of all species that occupy same geo. area & interact
15
Q
ecosystem
A
community of organisms & physical env. they live in
16
Q
biosphere
A
all ecosystems on earth
17
Q
homologous structure
A
structure that is the SAME among different species (ie human arm/dog arm)
18
Q
analogous structure
A
structure that has a SIMILAR function but evolved from DIFF. ORIGINS (ie insect wing/bird wing)
19
Q
vestigial structure
A
structures that NO LONGER have a function but are homologous to structures in other organisms (ie human coccyx, wisdom teeth)
20
Q
location of the richest source of information on evolution
A
fossils
21
Q
acid rain
A
sulfuric & nitric acid in rain
22
Q
ozone depletion
A
CO2 emissions burning holes in the earth’s protective layer (ozone)
23
Q
global warming
A
increase in avg. global temp.
24
Q
ecology
A
study of relationships between organisms & their physical environment
25
PROkaryotic cells
cells WITHOUT a nucleus
26
EUkaryotic cells
cells WITH a nucleus
27
phospholipid bilayer
polar heads with non polar tails
28
*CR*
glycolysis
breaks down glucose, occurs in cytoplasm, needs ATP, 6 carbon --> 2 3 carbon pyruvates, NO OXYGEN
29
*CR*
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP created
30
electron transport chain
OXYGEN IS ESSENTIAL, generates 36 ATP
31
diffusion
passive transport, high --> low
32
osmosis
semi permeable membrane, movement of water, requires no energy
33
active transport
NEEDS ENERGY (ATP), concentration gradient LOW --> HIGH, ie sodium potassium pump
34
passive transport
no energy
35
separates the abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity
diaphragm
36
where synovial membranes are located
joints
37
lipid - producing organelle
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
38
ATP - producing organelle
mitochondria
39
tendons
connect muscle to bone
40
ligaments
connect bone to bone
41
where epidermis is located
top layer of skin
42
spinal cord structures from skull to pelvis
skull, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
43
axial skeleton
skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
44
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
45
osteoBLASTS
FORM bones
46
osteoCLASTS
DESTROY bones
47
neuron structure
cell body, nucleus, axon, dendrites
48
axon
RELAY information
49
dendrites
TAKE IN information
50
flexion
REDUCES joint angle
51
extension
INCREASES joint angle
52
contractile unit of a muscle fiber
sarcomere
actin - thin
myosin - thick
53
attachment points of sarcomere
z-lines
54
isometric contraction
force WITHOUT movement
55
isotonic contraction
force WITH movement
56
skeletal muscle
voluntary
57
smooth & cardiac
involuntary (w/striations)
58
*** where a muscle stores extra ATP
as creatine phosphate
59
what makes up plasma
90% water
60
circulatory system
delivering blood and oxygen to parts of body
61
erythropoietin
makes Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
62
blood flow
pulmonary --> lungs (puff)
systemic --> body
chamber valve chamber valve
arteries - blood AWAY from heart
veins - valves
capillaries - transport nutrients
layers: epicardium (outside), endocardium (inside), myocardium (muscle)
63
universal donor blood type
type O
64
universal receiver blood type
type AB
*Rh factors
65
what type of tissue is blood
specialized connective tissue
66
normal BP
120/80
67
tonsils & adenoids
both part of lymphatic system for immune defense.
tonsils - throat
adenoids - back of nasal passages
68
3 lines of defense
1st - skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus, vagina, vomiting/urinate/defecate, resident bacteria
2nd - nonspecific (inflammation, fever)
3rd - self cells v non self cells
69
vomit, urine, mucus, and tears
first line of defense
70
bacteria, virus and prions
Bacteria – unicellular PROkaryotes infectious agents (living) (antibiotics)
Virus – tiny infectious agents with DNA or RNA
Prions – normal brain proteins that are NOT folded correctly
71
antibodies are made by
B lymphocytes
72
transmit an infection
Some diseases are easier to transmit than others (airborne) but some diseases require more contact to contract, ie STDS
73
respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System – Nose, nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx
Lower Respiratory System – Larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
74
Review how are oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the lungs
O2 and CO2 is exchanged in the lungs DIRECTLY across the alveoli
75
role of hemoglobin in the blood
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen
76
major parts and function of the brain
cerebrum - language, decision making, conscious thought
cerebellum - body movements
medulla - reg. HR/BP
hypothalamus - reg. homeostasis
corpus callosum - connects R & L hemispheres
77
motor and sensory neurons
Motor Neurons – neurons in the PNS that TRANSMIT info AWAY from CNS
Sensory Neurons – neurons in the PNS that RECEIVE stimuli neurons and transmit info TO the CNS
78
Dura mater, Arachnoid matter, and Pia matter
Meninges ie protective membranes of the spinal cord
Dura Mater – 1st
Arachnoid Mater – 2nd
Pia Mater – 3rd
79
central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
80
sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic system
Sympathetic: fight or flight!!!!
Parasympathetic: try to calm down
Somatic: under your control
81
role of the sodium/potassium pump in transferring action potentials
Maintains cell volume AND keeps the cell charge where it needs to be. Positive outside, negative inside
82
how and why an action potential moves along the axon due to the transfer
Nodes of Ranvier
83
structures of the eye
Eye – sclera (whites of eye), cornea (outermost layer), aqueous humor (second most layer), iris (colored part), lens, vitreous humor (behind lens), retina (bottom of eye), optic nerve (back of eye), macula (back of eye), optic disk (back of eye)
84
structures of the ear
Ear – pinna (outer ear), incus/anvil, malleus/hammer, auditory canal, tympanic membrane (all middle ear), semicircular canals, vestibulocohlear nerve, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, vestibule, oval window, stapes/stirrup, cochlea, round window, auditory tube (all inner ear)
85
hairs cells
Determines pitch and deals with linear motion
86
mechanical and chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors: presence of chemicals
Mechanical: pressure
87
Review where the ADH hormone is produced
Posterior pituitary gland
88
Review what hormone lowers blood sugar
Insulin
89
Review the hormones released during the fight or flight response
Norepinephrine, adrenaline, cortisol
90
Know why hormones come in contact with almost every living cell in the body
Circulate in blood and come in contact with cells and react with certain cells
91
Know where the sense of smell is located
Olfactory bulb
92
Review why we have a blind spot in both eyes
Optic nerve exiting the optic disk
93
***Understand what part of the eye changes shape?
The lens changes shape
94
Know where the bolus of food travels after the mouth
Esophogus stomach sm intestine large intestine rectum anus
95
Understand how undigested (wastes) material is removed from the GI track
Elimination
96
Know where bile is produced an stored
Produced in liver and stored in gallbladder
97
Know where in the GI track most nutrients are absorbed and digested
Absorbed: small intestine
98
Know which organ secretes HCL (hydrochloric acid)
Stomach
99
Know the parts of the small intestine
Duodenum – where most digestion occurs
Jejunum – absorption
Illeum - absorption
100
Know how urine flows from the kidney
Kidney ureters bladder urethra
101
Review glomerular filtration
High level of blood pressure
102
Review what the structures of the renal tubules
Proximal Tubule: water is reabsorbed the most
103
Understand the difference between dilute and concentrated urine
Dilute: more water and less solutes (losing water)
Concentrated: more solutes less water (conserving water)
104
Know how many pairs of chromosomes humans have
2 pairs (46 total)
105
Know what Meiosis is
The division of sex cells (sperm & egg) 2x and produces 4 daughter cells
106
Review how sperm leaves the testes
Seminiferous tubules epididymis ductus deferns ejaculatory duct penis
107
Review: the four phases of mitosis
P.M.A.T
Prophase – centrioles attach to cell poles
Metaphase – duplicate chromosomes form single line at equator between centrioles
Anaphase – duplicate chromosomes separate, daughter chromosomes pulled apart
Telephase – chromosomes turn into chromatin
108
Know where fertilization occurs
Upper 3rd of fallopian tube
109
Review what Sertoli cells produce
Sertoli cells produce Inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion
110
Which of the following is not a phenotype?
Anything that is not outward expression
111
Review Punnett squares
A square method that predicts patterns of inheritance
112
Know the difference between heterozygous and homozygous
Heterozygous – two DIFFERENT alleles
Homozygous – two IDENTICAL alleles
113
Know which gene determines gender
Male XY
114
Know what causes Down’s syndrome
3 copies of Chromosome 21
115
What is considered the best form of birth control
abstinence
