bio final Flashcards
which atomic particle has no charge and is located in the nucleus?
neutron
the nucleolus is the site of:
uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes
a yellow jacket, an insect in the order hymenoptera, stung me. a wasp, an insect in insects in this order must have stingers. what type of reasoning does this represent?
inductive reasoning
egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin. when you fry an egg, why does the egg white turn from clear to white?
the protein becomes denatured
the major histocompatibility complex is important in a t-cell’s ability to:
recognize self from non-self
a protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the golgi. at that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the golgi. as a result, what would happen to the protein?
the protein would be stuck in the golgi
when two atoms share a pair of electrons, this bonding is referred to as:
covalent
carbohydrates are polymers formed from structural units called:
monosaccharides
individuals that are heavy smokers may eventually have trouble clearing the mucous from their lungs because the structures that move fluid along the epilethial lining of the lung become damaged over time. what are these structures called?
cilia
what polysaccharide forms the long, though fibers found in plant cell walls?
cellulose
matter is composed of
atoms
while you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day you start to shiver involuntarily. you know that shivering is your body’s attempt to help regulate your body temperature and is an example of what type of mechanism?
homeostasis
proteins are polymers formed of structural units called
amino acids
the organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the
golgi apparatus
seth ordered lobster at a restaurant and realized that the other outer shell was made of a tough carbohydrate similar to that used to make the carapace of a cockroach. what do you think the outer shell of the lobster is made?
chitin
the dna sequence is capable of pairing with 5’CGATTAGT3’ is:
3’ GCTAATCA5’
a dna molecule containing 32% thymine would contain how much cytosine?
18%
after darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle, he proposed that the process of nature selection was a mechanism for:
evolution
phospholipids are made up of
a phosphate, two fatty acids and glycerol
microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments from the cell-supporting structure called the:
cytoskeleton
macromolecules are broken down to monomers in
hydrolysis reactions
proteins are created with
peptide bonds
experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and should include an unchanged variable termed a (n)
control
the ph of your small intestines is around 7.5 and the ph of your large intestine can be 5.5. as substances travel from the small intestines to the large intestine, what would happen to the H+ ion concentration?
it increases by 100-fold
all atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons, usually eight. depending on whether atoms satisfy the octet rule, this will predict
the chemical behavior of the atoms
negatively charged subatomic particles that have almost no mass are called
electrons
three fatty acids bonded together
triglyceride
nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except
dna molecules only outward
plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a
central vacuole
relatively small organic molecules with a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon group, and a hydrogen atom are called
amino acids
a bobcat is feeding on a white-tailed deer. it first eats the liver, which is rich in stored sugars. in what form would sugar be stored in the deer’s liver?
glycogen
sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in the geothermal environments, with an optimum growth temperature of about 80 C. what feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?
archaeal membranes contain special lipids
dr ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of mexico. his proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n)
hypothesis
the covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule. this reaction is referred to as
dehydration reaction
the types of bonds found in nucleic acids are
phosphodiester bonds
prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to
flagella
the nitrogenous base that is only found in rna and not dna is
uracil
biological membranes contain bilayers containing mostly
phospholipids
your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. after using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein, you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3d image. which microscope should you use?
confocal microscope
dna and rna contain functional units known as
nucleotides
the term that darwin used to describe the concept that those with superior physical, behavior or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed, and this are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation, is called
natural selection
the same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. such anatomical structures are called
homologous
sanai was monitoring the oil spill in the gulf of mexico from an oil tanker. from her observations, she noted that the oil was moving in large patches through the water. the oil did not appear to dissolve into the water. why did the oil not dissolve into the water?
hydrophobic interactions
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is referred to as
pH
about 12 of the 90 natural elements are known to be essential to life. four of these 12 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter. what are the 4 elements?
carbon, hydrogen. oxygen, nitrogen
place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex
1. molecules
2. atoms
3. tissues
4. cells
5 organs
2.1.4.3.5
lipid
zig zags
nucleotide
see picture
3d protein structure achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule
tertiary
the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain
primary
protein structures represented by alpha-helices and beta-sheets
secondary
two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure
quaternary
the endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic. what is the evidence that endosymbiosis has occurred?
they have their own dna
they have their own ribosomes
they are the size of the prokaryotic microbes mentioned
what are 2 cell structures only observed in plant cells and not animal cells
cell wall
chloroplasts
what is cell theory
all cells come from preexisting cells
every living thing is made of cells
cells are formed through cell division of other cells
are barrel-shaped proteins that help with protein folding
chaperone
the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria. there are nine biochemical reactions involved in the citric acid cycle, and they are highly ordered. select the correct order
acetyl-CoA joins the citric acid cycle and unites with oxaloacetate-> forming citrate -> which forms alpha-ketoglutarate -> which forms succinyl-CoA->which forms succinate->which forms fumarate->which forms malate-> which forms oxaloacetate
fermentation occurs if
oxygen is not present
glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
true
the final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is
oxygen
organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called
autotrophs
glycolysis results in the nft production of which of the following sets of molecules per glucose molecule?
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
where do the protons and electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
what must happen to amino acids before they can be used in the citric acid cycle?
they must be deaminated
in cellular respiration, most atp is produced directly as a result of
the electron transport chain
what is one of the final products of glycolysis?
pyruvate
which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
approximately how many molecules of atp are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?
30-32
if the proteins of the electron transport chain were labeled with a fluorescent tag, the fluorescence observed by microscopy will be localized to which of the following regions of the mitochondria?
inner membrane
which of the following processes is driven by chemiosmosis?
oxidative phosphorylation
what organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?
mitochondria
carbon dioxide and water can combine to form glucose, water, and oxygen. what is required for that process to occur?
light energy from the sun
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> ATP + 6CO2 + H2O
flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called
thylakoids
the splitting of water and the generation of oxygen occur where?
photosystem ii
where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?
carbon dioxide
for photosynthesis in green plants, the electron donor for the light-dependent reactions is
water
in eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the
chloroplasts
in order to generate one glucose molecule, the calvin cycle has to turn how many times?
6
clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments are called
photosystems
in photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs
in the calvin cycle
in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon molecule known as
RuBP
which of the following is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2
molecules that reflect green/yellow light in plants are called
chlorophyll
what are the products of light reactions and are used in the calvin cycle?
ATP, NADPH, and O2
light-independent reactions generate
glucose
what is the structure in chlorophyll that is excited when hit by light
porphyrin ring
mendel used garden __ plant for his studies on inheritance
pea
in what portion of the cell cycle do the chromosomes appear invisible under a light microscope because they are not yet condensed?
interphase
a diploid organism that has two identical alleles for a given trait is called___ for that trait
homozygous
the stage of mitosis characterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called
anaphase
all animal cells are diploid except
gametes
which of the following produces new cells that are genetically identical to the original cell?
mitosis
if a cell contained a mutation in the gene that encodes FtsZ, which process would be affected?
septation
the stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm decides to form two cells is called
cytokinesis
before cell division of somatic cells, each chromosome must be replicated. after replication, the resulting two parts of each chromosome are held together by cohesin at the centromere. these two parts are referred to as
sister chromatids
the principle of __ states that the 2 alleles present at each gene locus separate from one another during gamete formation and remain distinct
segregation
during meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by
a common centromere and a protein called cohesin
which structures indicated where crossing over has occured?
chiasmata
___ cells contain one set of chromosomes
haploid
an allele that is present but unexpressed is
recessive
alternate forms of the same gene are called
alleles
crossing over between homologues chromosomes takes place during
prophase I
the term for one pair of chromosomes takes place during
homologue
interphase is made up of what stages of the cell cycle?
G1+G2+S
a duplicate copy of all the hereditary information contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is made during what stage of the cell cycle?
S
the progress of the eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated primarily by what proteins?
cyclins
the cell produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm is the
zygote
the pairing of homologues chromosomes is called
syngamy
you are studying meiosis in an organism where 2n=24. how many chromosomes will each nucleus have after meiosis II is complete?
12
in a heterozygous individual, the allele having expressed is
dominant
the first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk names
Mendel
sometimes, one gene pair will interfere with the expression of a second gene pair in an interaction called
epistasis
this is the stage of mitosis characterized by the alignment of the chromosomes in a ring along the inner circumference of the cell
metaphase
this stage of mitosis is characterized by the disassembly of spindle apparatus, the reestablishment if the nuclear membrane, and the decondensation of the chromosomes:
telophase
diploid organisms use meiosis to produce haploid cells. meiosis consists of how many rounds of nuclear division?
two
all of the following increase genetic variation EXCEPT
mitosis
the allelic make up of a cell or individual is referred to as its
genotype
the observable expression of the genes present in an organism is called
phenotype
if a single gene has 3 or more alternative forms, this is called
multiple alleles
in bacterial cell division, the cell divides into two nearly equal halves. this process is referred to as:
binary fission
if a cell has 32 chromosomes prir to S and undergoes mitosis followed by cytokinesis, each new daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?
32
fitting the very long dna strands from a chromosome into the limited space of the nucleus dna-wrapped histones are called:
nucleosomes
in life cycles that alternate between haploid and diploid stages, fertilization doubles the number of chromosomes per cell while ____
meiosis
if an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype, this is called
pleiotropy
a cell biologist produces a karyotype of mouse somatic cells arrested in mitosis. she sees 40 chromosomes, which is completely normal for mice. based on this information, what is the haploid number of chromosomes for mice?
20
the point of constriction on chromosomes that contains certain repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins is called
the centromere
the best describes the process of independent assortment
the way one pair of homologues line up along the metaphase plate does not affect how any other pair lines up
if there are 32 sister chromatids in a normal somatic cell, how many chromosomes are there?
16
a cross where we follow the inheritance of two pairs of alleles is called
dihybrid
what does the circle represent in the pedigree?
female
what does the shaded square or circle represent in the pedigree above?
affected individual
example of karyotype image with Patau Syndrome (tripled) what is the abnormality?
trisomy
example of karyotype, what is the sex of the individual
xy or xx
a karyotype shows chromosomes arranged by
color, width, length
mitosis is used to produce 4 daughter cells genetically different
false
mitosis can be defined as
consist of 5 phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
is the process in which parent nuclei produce 2 daughter nuclei, each having the same number of sexual reproduction
as a result of meiosis, the chromosome number in a cell __ to produce sperm or egg cells
halves
what are the offspring from a cross between a tall female plant that is (Tt) and a shor felmale plant (tt)
2 tall:2 short
a woma who has (Dd) marries a man with (dd). what is the percent change of the dominant?
60%
prophase
chromosomes in the center
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
anaphase
they are pulled to opposite sides
telophase
the cell splits
phases of meiosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
the method of dna replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand is called the
semiconservative method
a codon is composed of how many bases?
3
according to chagraffs rules about proportions of nitrogenous bases,
A=T and G=C
as the two strands of dna are unraveled, which enzyme relieves the strain or tension on the two strands?
DNA gyrase
during replication, which enzyme unzips the DNA double helix?
DNA helicasew
which base in an anticodon will pair with the base adenine in a codon?
uracil
to remove noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA of eukaryotes, multiple snRNPs combine with proteins to form a larger complex called the
spliceosome
the chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next along one strand of a dna molecule is called a
phosphodiester bond
during translation, amino acids are carried to the ribosome by
tRNA
if the sequence of of bases in the template strand of a DNA molecule is 3’ATCGCTCC5’, what is the sequence of bases in the SNA that is transcribed from this molecule?
5’UAGCGAGG3’
what is the correct sequence for DNA replication in E.coli?
initiation, elongation, termination
telomeres protect___ and are ___ sequences of DNA
