Bio Final Flashcards
Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is false?
Hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds.
Fatty acids are
composed of hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl group.
In the 1920s, Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live cells, some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate?
transformation
In ocean acidification, dissolving CO2 gas ________ the pH of the ocean.
lowers
The results of dehydration reactions can be reversed by
hydrolysis reactions.
The primary structure of a protein is
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
A solution with a pH of 7 is
neutral
Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false?
Many lipids function as enzymes.
Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin?
fungi and insects
Cellular respiration demonstrates the theme of matter and energy in that
energy in food is transferred to energy in ATP.
How is sex determined in most ants and bees?
by number of chromosomes
A disaccharide forms when
two monosaccharides join by dehydration reactions.
Which ocean zone describes the interface between ocean and land?
intertidal
Given the sex determination system in bees, we can expect that
female bees will produce eggs by meiosis, whereas male bees will produce sperm by mitosis.
Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide?
wheat
DNA differs from RNA because DNA
contains thymine in place of uracil.
Most of a cell’s enzymes are
proteins
By-products of cellular respiration include
carbon dioxide and water.
Peptide bonds
link amino acids.
A sperm whale in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is in which oceanic zone?
pelagic
Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false?
Nucleotides contain lipids.
Structural proteins
are found in hair and tendons.
Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from
plants
The phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form is
prophase
Glucose molecules are to starch as ________ are to proteins.
amino acids
Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false?
Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism’s fitness.
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of species that could interbreed but for the fact that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?
temporal isolation
__________ passes absorbed energy to chlorophyll a.
Chlorophyll b
The tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasp’s nest, two squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together, all of these organisms represent a(n)
community
Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides?
cellulose, starch, and glycogen
Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are
homologous
Which statement about coniferous forests is true?
Coniferous forests experience precipitation that is mainly in the form of snow.
You spray your lawn with a pesticide. The concentration of the pesticide in the tissues of the grass on your lawn is 10−6 parts per million (ppm). Grasshoppers eat the grass and are in turn eaten by rats, which are then eaten by owls. At each successive trophic level, the concentration of pesticides increases. The term for this process is
biological magnification.
The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to
the overall three-dimensional structure.
Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
an alpha helix
A molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a(n)
polysaccharide.
Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false?
All functional groups include a carbon atom.
Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by
the chemical properties of their R groups.
Earth’s continents and seafloors together form a thin outer layer of the planet called the
crust
Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits?
plasma membrane
Two populations of organisms belong to the same biological species when they
encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions.
A phospholipid is composed of
one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids.
Which of the following is a carboxyl group?
-COOH
What feature of fats makes them hydrophobic?
Fats have nonpolar hydrocarbon chains.
As global temperatures continue to rise, what is a likely outcome?
loss of populations of polar fish species
Plant cells
have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Organisms that possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes are said to be
polyploid.
Proteins differ from one another because
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.
Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is false?
Triglycerides are hydrophilic.
Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because
their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms.
Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have
the same molecular formula but different chemical properties.
The freshwater leech is an organism that feeds off of the blood of other organisms such as frogs and turtles. Which interaction describes the relationship between freshwater leeches and frogs or turtles?
parasitism
The Mesozoic era is often called the age of reptiles. Which of the following also occurred during this era?
the appearance of the first mammals and flowering plants on land
A hydroxyl group is
characteristic of alcohols.
Sister chromatids are
joined together at a centromere.
Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be
unsaturated.
You have a cup of vegetable oil and a vial full of normal phospholipids. What would you predict would happen if you dropped the phospholipids into the cup of vegetable oil?
The phospholipids would form a sphere with the heads on the inside.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?
They are monomers used to build proteins.
Mad cow disease serves as an example of how interdependent ________ and ________ are to protein.
structure; function
Any gene located on a sex chromosome
is called a sex-linked gene.
How are genes used by cells to build proteins?
The genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein.
Which of the following statements about dehydration reactions is false?
Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions in muscle cells.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell.
Sucrose is formed
from two monosaccharides through dehydration reactions.
Many names for sugars end in the suffix
-ose.
Aristotle believed that
species are fixed (permanent) and perfect.
Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely
result in cell death.
A diet high in animal products and hydrogenated vegetable margarine may increase the risk for heart disease. This is because
most animal fats are saturated and many hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of trans fats.
Which of the following is an amino group?
-NH2
Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer?
DNA, nucleotides
Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?
RNA contains the sugar dextrose.
In most green plants, chloroplasts are
concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.
Which of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?
an enzyme
The storage form of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants.
glycogen; starch
What is the correct flow of information in gene expression?
DNA→RNA→protein
An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by
adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules.
Which of the following substances is made of lipids?
steroids
Rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere result in the oceans
becoming more acidic.
Lactose intolerance is the inability to
digest lactose.
Which of the following statements regarding cells is false?
All cells have a cell wall.
Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?
amino acid
In a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, grasshoppers, sparrows, and hawks, the grasshoppers are
primary consumers.
Cellulose differs from starch in that
most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested.
A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the ________ level of protein structure.
quaternary
A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is
phospholipids.
Silicon is an element that is found directly underneath carbon in the periodic table and thus has similar properties to carbon, including electron orbitals. How many electrons are in the valence shell of a silicon atom?
4
What components make up a nucleotide?
a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?
Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms.
Some of your DNA may not code for any protein and has no known function in gene regulation; it is sometimes referred to as noncoding DNA. How do nucleotide sequences of “noncoding DNA” evolve?
They evolve through genetic drift and other chance processes.
Why did the lactose tolerance mutation in the East African herders spread so rapidly within the population?
It was a selective advantage for survival during droughts and cold winters.
The molecular formula of most monosaccharides represents a multiple of
CH2O
Organic compounds
always contain carbon.
Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false?
Monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.
A theory is a(n)
explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.
Which list accurately orders a food chain in the grasslands of Africa from low to high trophic levels?
grass, giraffes, lions, vultures, fungi
All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that is similar in ________ and ________.
structure; function
What is the complementary sequence to the DNA strand TCGATGG?
AGCTACC
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?
DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This is an example of a(n)
hypothesis.
What is the general function of enzymes within a cell?
to speed up chemical reactions
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by
hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.
The geographic isolation of a population from other members of the species and the subsequent evolution of reproductive barriers between it and the parent species describes ________ speciation.
allopatric
Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by
gene flow.
The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is
photosynthesis.
The individual features of all organisms are the result of
genetics and the environment.
The earliest discovered fossils are of ________ dating back to ________ years ago.
prokaryotes; 3.5 billion
Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is false?
Triglycerides are hydrophilic.
The sodium atom contains 11 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. What is the mass number of sodium?
23
Which of the following statements regarding fins on fishes is true?
Fins are an adaptation that aid in swimming.
Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of
passive transport.
Which could be a topic for a community-level study of a hydrothermal vent ecosystem?
the interactions between crabs and other species near hydrothermal vents
Some populations, especially those with high genetic variability and short life spans, may avoid extinction as the climate changes through
evolutionary adaptation.
Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is false?
Hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds.
Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem
pass energy to the reaction center.
The model of species selection is analogous to natural selection. In this analogy, ________ are like individuals within a population, and ________ is analogous to reproduction.
species; speciation
An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by
adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules.
Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false?
Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
According to “evo-devo” thinking, an organism’s body form can be substantially changed
through mutations or changes in the expression of one or a few genes that regulate development.
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form?
telophase
The emergence of a new plant species over a brief period of time followed by a long period of little change is consistent with which of the following theories?
punctuated equilibrium
Eutrophication of a lake could occur if
phosphate-rich detergents were dumped into the lake.
The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that
mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.
A regional assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a
landscape.
In your backyard you overturn a large rock. In the damp soil underneath the rock, you see various insects scurrying for cover: one black spider, five black ants, two brown beetles, and three gray pillbugs. In this community of organisms, species richness is represented by
four different species of organisms.
Which of the following is dependent on the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules besides water?
the universality of water as a solvent
In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → humans, the humans are
tertiary consumers.
DNP is a chemical that has been used by people to lose weight. However, it is a dangerous option and has caused several people to die. DNP works in a fashion similar to that of brown fat. Based on this information, how would DNP cause weight loss and death?
DNP must increase metabolism of food by producing heat instead of ATP.
Which of the following is a group within the domain Eukarya?
Fungi
The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates
a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function.
Maternal inheritance patterns from generation to generation cannot be analyzed by simply studying the X chromosome in the way that paternal inheritance patterns can follow the Y chromosome because
the X chromosome is obtained from both the father and the mother.
The membranous compartmentalization of a cell
allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell.
Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about these substances is true?
The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach.
Which of the following human activities has contributed to an increase in the number of bacteria having R plasmids?
heavy use of antibiotics in medicine and in agriculture
Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.
For most sexually reproducing organisms, Mendel’s laws
cannot strictly account for the patterns of inheritance of many traits.
DNA replication
uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand.
Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer?
Na+
Most biodiversity hot spots are found in ________ regions.
tropical
An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?
stabilizing selection
The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell
contains the cell’s DNA.
Which statement provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life?
Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow.
All of Earth that is inhabited by life is called the
biosphere.
The end products of glycolysis include
NADH.
The biological species concept is
sometimes difficult to put into practice even for present sexual organisms and useless for asexual organisms and fossils.
Marathon runners are long-distance runners (marathons are races that are 26.2 miles long). Studies have shown that the muscles of marathon runners contain an abundance of slow-twitch muscle cells. Which of the following statements about these fibers is true?
Slow-twitch fibers have lots of mitochondria to make ATP aerobically.
Most polyploid species arise from
the hybridization of two parent species.
Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a female fruit fly because
the male’s phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
In a certain ecosystem, field mice are preyed on by snakes and hawks. The entry of wild dogs into the system adds a third mouse predator. The most likely short-term result of this addition is
a reduction in numbers of mice.
When one DNA molecule is copied to make two new DNA molecules, the resulting DNA molecules contain
50% of the parent DNA.
The similarities in function of hummingbird wings and the wings of a butterfly reflect
analogy but not homology.
Which of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism?
The solute moves against the concentration gradient.
Water’s surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its
hydrogen bonds.
Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are
facultative anaerobes.
A single water molecule (H—O—H) is held together by
two polar covalent bonds.
Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false?
Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great.
Which of the following terms refers to a situation where a single phenotypic character is determined by the additive effects of two or more genes?
polygenic inheritance
Organisms that digest decaying organic material are
detritivores.
The major cause of tropical deforestation is
people clearing forests to open up land for agriculture.
A cell that has a cell wall is undergoing cell division, and the following events are observed: the formation of a cell plate and the division of the cell into two daughter cells. What type of cell is being observed and what process(es) is it going through?
plant cell; telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis
Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as
bioremediation.
You are observing a single cell under a microscope. You go home for the night, and the next day you see four cells. The four cells look similar, and when you stain them with a dye that binds to DNA they all appear to contain the same amount of DNA as the original cell. What likely happened overnight?
The single cell divided to form two new cells, and the two new cells each divided to form four total cells, all by asexual reproduction.
In many dense forests, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition for
sunlight.
Which sequence is not a correct pathway of energy through an ecosystem?
bacteria → plants → birds
The sickle-cell allele produces a serious blood disease in homozygotes. Why doesn’t natural selection eliminate this allele from all human populations?
In populations where endemic malaria is present, heterozygotes have an important advantage: They are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive and produce offspring that carry the allele.
Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that
kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.
A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month’s supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug?
She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.
It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that would best facilitate this are
gap junctions.
Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing
chemical energy into kinetic energy.
The energy that excites the photosystems is supplied by
photons.
The primary goal of conservation biology is to
counter the loss of biodiversity.
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the production of a strand of RNA from DNA?
RNA polymerase
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because
hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules.
In an ecosystem, energy
typically flows from producers to a series of consumers.
The Himalayas are an example of a mountain range that formed as a result of
the collision of two continental plates.
Some butterflies can ingest toxic chemicals from the milkweed plants they feed on and then can store those chemicals in their body. Because toxins stored in the butterflies are toxic to birds, the birds avoid eating the butterflies. Which of the following is the best explanation for this situation?
Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive.
What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?
photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells
Sympatric speciation commonly occurs through ________ in plants but is more likely to occur through ________ in animals.
polyploidy; habitat differentiation and sexual selection
Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that
the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.
***
Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the number of
possible combinations of characteristics.
Biodiversity considers
the genetic diversity within and between populations of a species.
Which of the following cell structures are associated with the breakdown of harmful substances?
peroxisomes
When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of
secondary succession.
In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a ________ bond.
polar covalent
The role of a control in an experiment is to
provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group.
Which of the following statements regarding matter is false?
All matter exists in the form of compounds.
The kingdom Fungi includes species
that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients.
Which statement about bacteria is true?
Bacteria are in a domain of their own.
In plants, the process of photosynthesis produces glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Which of the following options about photosynthesis is consistent with this statement?
All of the carbon atoms in glucose came from carbon dioxide.
Which statement about evolution is true?
Evolution can result in adaptations.
Which of the following particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment.
The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds.
polar covalent; hydrogen
To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be
testable and falsifiable.
Table salt is formed when
sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine.
Which statement about the properties of life is false?
Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment.
Which of the following statements about radioactive isotopes is true?
The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can cause molecular damage in cells.
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, in which glucose is used to generate ATP to power the cell. The major chemical reaction that takes place in glycolysis (ignoring some other reactants and products) is the conversion of glucose (C6H12O6) to pyruvate (C3H4O3) and hydrogen ions (H+). Using this information, what is the correct equation for the glycolysis chemical reaction?
C6H12O6 → 2 C3H4O3 + 2 H+
Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?
Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.
Which statement about ecosystems is false?
Bacteria and fungi recycle energy within an ecosystem.
Members of the kingdom Animalia
can obtain their food by eating other organisms.
A nutrition facts label from a fortified cereal states that in a single serving of cereal there is 8% of the percent daily value of the element phosphorous. The label also says that a single serving of cereal plus one-half cup of skim milk has 20% of the percent daily value of phosphorus. Which of the following statements is false?
A half-cup of skim milk contains twice as much phosphorus as a serving of cereal.
________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules.
Hydrogen bonds
Electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in the same way that
insects fly around a bright lamp at night.
A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that
two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable.
Which statement about genetics is true?
Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA.
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have?
5
Radioactive isotopes
can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases.
In ocean acidification, dissolving CO2 gas ________ the pH of the ocean.
lowers
Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?
Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms.
A buffer
donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions when conditions become too acidic.
Basic science discoveries often lead to the development of technology, and the development of technology often leads to new scientific discoveries. Which of the following is not an accurate pairing of a technology and a discovery?
invention of the microscope and creation of evolutionary trees
Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is
100 times more acidic.
Household ammonia, or ammonium hydroxide, is a mixture of ammonia (NH3) and water. What types of bonding interactions will occur between molecules of ammonia and water in a bottle of household ammonia?
hydrogen bonds between negatively charged nitrogen atoms in ammonia and positively charged hydrogen atoms in water
In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O, the H2 molecules are ________ and the H2O molecules are ________.
reactants; products
A radioactive isotope is an isotope that
decays
Which of the following best describes the atomic number of an atom?
the number of protons in the atom
During a discussion about ecosystems, a student says, “Plants eat sunlight, and animals eat other organisms.” Which response to the student’s comment is most accurate?
Plants don’t eat sunlight; they use sunlight to make sugars.
Typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An isotope of nitrogen could
have more neutrons than the usual nitrogen atom.
Which statement is not an example of evolution that has resulted from human activity?
Because of hunting, organisms such as bears and wolves are fewer in number.
A hydrogen atom has one electron. How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?
one
Which of the following statements best describes a compound?
A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.
The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as
cohesion.
An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria to
be more resistant to that antibiotic.
A nutrition facts label from a fortified cereal states that in a single serving of cereal there is 8% of the percent daily value of the element phosphorous. The label also says that a single serving of cereal plus one-half cup of skim milk has 20% of the percent daily value of phosphorus. Which of the following statements is false?
A half-cup of skim milk contains twice as much phosphorus as a serving of cereal.
Basic science discoveries often lead to the development of technology, and the development of technology often leads to new scientific discoveries. Which of the following is not an accurate pairing of a technology and a discovery?
invention of the microscope and creation of evolutionary trees
Which of the following trace elements needed by humans is commonly added to table salt?
iodine
Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae
are photosynthetic.
Which of the following is a trace element in the human body?
zinc
The four most common elements in living organisms are
C, H, O, N.
Which statement best describes the relationship between a tissue and an organ system?
An organ system includes tissues.
Which statement about genetics is true?
Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA.
A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons.
covalent bond
How will a lower ocean pH caused by ocean acidification affect coral reefs?
Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available.
If you found a fossilized dinosaur bone, what could be done to accurately determine the age of the fossil?
Analyze the isotopes of carbon in the fossil.
Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is
100 times more acidic.
Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?
molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________.
H+; stroma; H+
As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).
2
Which of the following statements regarding membrane function is false?
The plasma membrane is the control center of the cell.
Intermediate filaments
surround the nucleus.
Bacterial production of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with increasing levels of tryptophan and increases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of
feedback inhibition.
A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation
will eventually be problematic, since the cell’s ability to absorb nutrients through its outer membrane will not increase as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs.
Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false?
Cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells.
The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called
phosphorylation.
Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are
facultative anaerobes.
In the reaction A → B + C + heat
is an exergonic reaction because energy is being released
Cell theory states that
all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.
In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like
an antenna.
Which of the following statements about the absorption of photons by pigment molecules is true?
Energy can be released by the excited electron as heat, light, or fluorescence.
In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will
lyse.
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the
mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.
Mesophyll
Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called
obligate anaerobes.
Which of the following domains contains prokaryotes that are known for living in extreme environments?
Archaea
The manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment is called
the experimental design.
Living and nonliving entities share some characteristics. Which statements are TRUE and which are FALSE about the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem?
All living things and nonliving materials are made of cells.
False
A university biology department wishes to hire a scientist to work on the relationships among the wolves, moose, trees, and physical features on an island. If you were charged with writing the job description, you should title the position
ecosystem ecologist.
Climate change is primarily due to an imbalance in the chemical cycling of the element carbon.
True
When a scientist examined museum specimens of a particular moth species, she noticed that the variation in color was distributed as shown in the first graph. She was surprised because her data from current collections indicated the distribution of colors shown in the second graph. Which hypothesis about the cause of this shift in the range of genetic variation is the most likely to be supported by examination of the distribution of colors in a collection assembled at a time between that of the collection of the museum specimens and her current specimens?
Darker moths were more likely to survive and have offspring over time.
Which of the following organisms belongs to the group represented in box 1?
tree
In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O,
only H2O is a compound.
What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?
In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.
What is the molecular formula of these molecules? How do these molecules differ? Are these the same molecule?
C3H6O3 They are isomers and different.
Choose the figure that depicts polymer synthesis.
Figure 1
These two molecules are structural isomers. What is the difference between them?
the location of a double-bonded oxygen atom
Which of the following are structural carbohydrate molecules?
cellulose and chitin
A dehydration reaction can also be called a(n) ________ reaction since it forms water.
condensation
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Your first big biology exam is coming up in a few days, and in order to prepare for late-night study sessions, you buy a box of Yummies, a delicious type of snack cake. After checking out the nutrition facts label on the side of the box, you discover that a single Yummie cake contains 4.5 grams of total fat, 27 grams of carbohydrate, 0 grams of fiber, and 1 gram of protein.
The pH of the stomach is extremely acidic (~ pH 2). If you ate a Yummie cake, what do you think would happen to the protein that you ingested as it passes through the stomach?
The protein would become denatured due to the acidic environment.
Which of the following is true about the differences between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic molecules contain at least carbon and hydrogen and inorganic molecules do not.
Your professor shows you a computer model of a protein and asks you to identify the structural level. It appears to consist of only one polypeptide chain and has a globular shape. What is your determination?
The protein has tertiary structure.
Waxes consist of a glycerol bonded to three long-chain fatty acids.
False
The figure below shows five water molecules. The hydrogen bonds shown in this figure are each between
an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of different water molecules.
Below is the structure of octane, the major component of gasoline. What type(s) of bond(s) is(are) found in a molecule of octane?
only nonpolar covalent bonds
Human blood has a pH of about 7.4. This is
slightly basic.
