Bio Facts Flashcards
1
Q
What is the scientific name of the Bobwhite Quail?
A
Colinus virginianus
2
Q
What is the male Bobwhite Quail’s size range in inches?
A
10 to 11 inches
3
Q
What is the wingspan of the male Bobwhite Quail?
A
14 to 15 inches
4
Q
What is the weight range of the male Bobwhite Quail?
A
5 to 6 ounces
5
Q
What are the male Bobwhite Quail’s color markings?
A
White throat patch, broad white stripe above eye to nape of neck, black or dark brown patch and stripe
6
Q
Describe the pairing bond of Bobwhite Quails.
A
Weak pairing bond; females and males may not be faithful
7
Q
When does nesting for Bobwhite Quails typically begin?
A
A couple of weeks after pairing
8
Q
What is the peak nesting period for Bobwhite Quails?
A
May and early June
9
Q
What is the typical clutch size for Bobwhite Quails?
A
12 to 15 eggs
10
Q
What is the incubation period for Bobwhite Quail eggs?
A
23 days
11
Q
At what age do young Bobwhite Quails leave the nest?
A
2 weeks
12
Q
At what age do Bobwhite Quails reach mature size?
A
14 to 16 weeks
13
Q
What is the mortality rate of Bobwhite Quails?
A
70 to 80 percent
14
Q
What are the main causes of high mortality rates in Bobwhite Quails?
A
Food shortage, adverse weather, diseases, predators
15
Q
What is the average lifespan of a Bobwhite Quail?
A
Less than a year but could live up to 4 to 5 years
16
Q
What percentage of the Bobwhite Quail’s diet is animal matter?
A
15%
17
Q
What percentage of the Bobwhite Quail’s diet is plant matter?
A
85%
18
Q
What are some important food plants for Bobwhite Quails?
A
Seeds and fruits
19
Q
What is considered a desirable canopy cover percentage for Bobwhite Quails?
A
5 to 20 percent
20
Q
What type of cover is needed for nesting by Bobwhite Quails?
A
Woody/brush
21
Q
What type of cover is required for escape by Bobwhite Quails?
A
Shrubs and forbs
22
Q
How do Bobwhite Quails obtain water?
A
Surface water
23
Q
What is the home range of a covey of Bobwhite Quails?
A
10 to 80 acres
24
Q
What is the core area where Bobwhite Quails spend 75% of their time?
A
22 acres
25
What is the maximum carrying capacity of Bobwhite Quails per acre?
3 birds per acre
26
What is the scientific name of the Javelina?
Pecari tajacu
27
What is the proper common name for Pecari tajacu?
Collared Peccary
28
What is the typical adult size of a Javelina?
18 H 30-40 long
29
What is the adult weight range of a Javelina?
30-50 lbs
30
What type of gland produces a strong odor in Javelinas?
Musk Gland
31
What is the range of the Javelina?
Edwards Plateau to Trans Pecos Region
32
What is the typical liter size for Javelinas?
2
33
What is the gestation period for Javelinas?
142-148 Days
34
How long do young Javelinas remain with their mother?
2-3 Months
35
What percentage of a Javelina's diet consists of Prickly Pear?
80-95%
36
Name four other food sources for Javelinas.
* Acorns
* Grapes
* Agarita
* Rats
37
What is the most ideal habitat for Javelinas?
Dense thicket of brush, prickly pear, and oak
38
Where can cover be found for Javelinas?
Rock ledges, canyons
39
Where do Javelinas get the majority of their water intake from?
Prickly pear and Lechuguilla
40
What is the typical herd size for Javelinas?
5-15 animals
41
What affects the home range size of Javelinas?
Density of brush
42
What is the home range size for Javelinas?
180-975 acres
43
What does the number 200 yards relate to in Javelina behavior?
Herd boundaries; fights breakout
44
What is the scientific name of the Mourning Dove?
Zenaida marcoura
45
What order does the Mourning Dove belong to?
Columbiformes
46
What is the size range of the Mourning Dove?
11-13 inches
47
What is the weight range of the Mourning Dove?
3.5-5 ounces
48
What is the wingspan range of the Mourning Dove?
5.5-7 x 2
49
What is the winter range of the Mourning Dove?
California to Georgia, south to Panama
50
What is the daily migration travel distance of the Mourning Dove?
15 miles a day
51
What are the mating months for the Mourning Dove?
January-February to March-April
52
How many days apart are the eggs laid by the Mourning Dove?
2 days
53
What is the size of a Mourning Dove egg?
28 x 21 millimeters
54
What is the incubation period for Mourning Dove eggs?
14-15 days
55
What is the hunting mortality rate for Mourning Doves?
30-35%
56
What is the overall mortality rate for Mourning Doves?
50-70%
57
What is required in the diet of the Mourning Dove?
Gravel
58
How far can grain fields be from the Mourning Dove's nesting site?
15 miles
59
What is the most ideal habitat for the Mourning Dove?
Broken topography of trees and fields
60
How far away can water be from the Mourning Dove's habitat?
12-18 miles
61
What is the scientific name of Mule Deer?
Odocoileus hemionus
62
What is the national weight range of Mule Deer?
125-400 lbs
63
What is the weight range of Mule Deer in Texas?
125-300 lbs
64
What term is used to describe Mule Deer antlers?
Bifurcated, form back fork
65
When is the breeding peak for Mule Deer?
Late December; mid-Nov – Mid-Feb
66
What is the gestation period for Mule Deer?
7 months (210 days)
67
In which months are fawns typically born?
June and July
68
At what age do does wean their fawns?
60-75 days
69
What is the fawn crop percentage in the Trans-Pecos region?
45%
70
What is the fawn crop percentage in the Panhandle?
35%
71
At what age do bucks start to rut?
3-4 years old
72
What factors influence fawn survival?
* Weather
* Predators
* Habitat
73
What is the home range of Mule Deer bucks?
2-4 square miles
74
What is the home range of Mule Deer does?
2-4 square miles
75
When do Mule Deer shed their antlers?
Mid-Jan – Mid April
76
How long does it take for new antlers to develop?
150 days
77
How is the age of Mule Deer determined?
Tooth replacement up to 2; after 2 by decay
78
What percentage of Mule Deer diet is comprised of browse?
70%
79
What percentage of browse is made up of forbs? Mule deer
25%
80
What percentage of the Mule Deer diet consists of grasses?
5%
81
What is the required cover for Mule Deer?
Shrubs, trees, and tall grasses
82
What does woody cover depend on?
Grazing pressure of domestic animals
83
What is the maximum distance Mule Deer will travel for water?
2.5-3 miles
84
What is the recommended space for good range in the Trans-Pecos?
1:100 acres
85
What is the recommended space for good range in the Panhandle?
1:30-1:1000 acres
86
What is the scientific name of the Pronghorn Antelope?
Antilocapra americana
87
What is the male size range of the Pronghorn Antelope?
90-125 lbs
88
What is the average size of a female Pronghorn Antelope?
90 lbs
89
What type of cells are used to cover the horns of the Pronghorn Antelope?
Epithelial Cells
90
When is the horn cover shed for the Pronghorn Antelope?
Mid Oct – Early Nov
91
What is the top speed of the Pronghorn Antelope for short distances?
45 mph
92
What is the present homeland range of the Pronghorn Antelope?
Trans Pecos – Grasslands on Panhandle
93
Define a harem in the context of Pronghorn Antelope.
Group of multiple females for one male
94
What is the typical harem size for Pronghorn Antelope?
2 - 14
95
What is the rut time frame for Pronghorn Antelope?
August to Mid Oct
96
What is the gestation period for Pronghorn Antelope?
235 Days
97
On a good range, what is the fawn to doe ratio for Pronghorn Antelope?
1.8 Fawns per doe
98
What percentage of the diet of Pronghorn Antelope comes from forbs?
65%
99
What percentage of the diet of Pronghorn Antelope comes from browse?
30%
100
What percentage of the diet of Pronghorn Antelope comes from grasses?
5%
101
What does 70% of the Pronghorn Antelope's diet come from when available?
Small Grains; wheat, barley, oats
102
What is the most ideal habitat for Pronghorn Antelope?
Open Rolling Landscapes
103
Where is cover found in the habitat of Pronghorn Antelope?
Draws and headers
104
What is the daily water consumption intake range for Pronghorn Antelope?
.09 gpd to 1.19 gpd
105
How far can water be found from most herds of Pronghorn Antelope?
4-6 mile radius
106
What is the minimum number of sections needed for a herd of 8-12 Pronghorn Antelope?
3-4 sections
107
What is the scientific name of the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Phasianus colchicus
108
What is the adult weight range of the Ring-necked Pheasant?
2 ¼ - 3 lbs
109
Describe the color pattern of the male Ring-necked Pheasant.
Bright array of browns, gold, blues, and blacks with greenish purple around head and neck, bright red waddles and eye patch
110
Describe the color pattern of the female Ring-necked Pheasant.
Mottled brown with shorter tail
111
What regions are included in the ancestry of the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Chinese, Korean, Manchurian Birds
112
What is the breeding season for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
April to Mid-June
113
What is the average clutch size for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
12 – 15 eggs
114
What is the incubation period for Ring-necked Pheasant eggs?
23 Days
115
How many broods do Ring-necked Pheasants typically have per year?
1 brood
116
What percentage of the Ring-necked Pheasant population survives to the next hunting year?
25-35%
117
What are the ideal nesting plots for hens in Alfalfa?
Favored; 10 acre plots with 200 yrds of playa
118
What type of habitat is critical for nesting hens in playas and small grains?
Restored by not grazing
119
What is the main diet of the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Seedeaters
120
What do Ring-necked Pheasants eat during spring and summer?
Insects; chicks for first 5 weeks
121
What is the winter diet of the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Ragweed, careless weed and croton
122
Why is gravel and calcium important for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Snail shells, improves breeding and egg laying
123
What types of cover do Ring-necked Pheasants need?
Loafing, travel lanes, roosting cover, nesting cover, and winter cover
124
Which types of cover are most critical for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Nesting and Winter
125
What constitutes winter cover for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Weedy fencerows and windbreaks
126
What supplies water for the Ring-necked Pheasant?
Irrigated croplands and insects
127
What is the home range of the Ring-necked Pheasant if conditions are right?
Square mile or less
128
What is the scientific name of the Fox sq?
Sciurus niger
## Footnote
The scientific name for the Eastern Grey Squirrel is Sciurus coralinensis.
129
What is the adult weight range of the Eastern Grey Squirrel?
0.7-1.3 lbs
## Footnote
The adult weight range of the Fox is 1.3-2.8 lbs.
130
Describe the color pattern of the Fox sw.
Rusty reddish underside and brown or gray topside
131
What is the breeding season for squirrels?
July-September and December-February
132
What is the average litter size for squirrels?
2-4
133
How long is the gestation period for squirrels?
42-45 days
134
At what age do the young squirrels open their eyes?
5 weeks
135
At what age are squirrels weaned?
12 weeks
136
At what age do squirrels reach maturity?
10-11 months
137
What percentage of the squirrels population is made up of young?
60%
138
What is the ideal population density of squirrels per acre?
1 per acre
139
Name three external parasites that affect squirrels.
* Mites
* Chiggers
* Fleas
140
What percentage of squirrels' diet consists of acorns?
60%
141
List three foods squirrels eat from August to October.
* Acorns
* Insects
* Pecan
142
List three foods squirrels eat from November to January.
* Acorns
* Beech
* Sedges
143
List three foods squirrels eat from February to April.
* Elm
* Insects
* Young Birds
144
List three foods squirrels eat from May to July.
* Berries
* Corn
* Buds and flowers
145
What is the most ideal habitat for the Fox?
Oak & Hickory broken up into tracts of 5-20 acres
## Footnote
The Eastern Grey Squirrel prefers habitats along streams with a high density of oaks and pecans.
146
How much more chance of success do nesting cavities have compared to leaf-nests?
2 ½ times better
147
What percentage of mature hardwood is needed for squirrel habitats?
5-10 percent
148
How long can squirrels go without water?
Several weeks
149
What is the maximum home range size for the Fox?
40 acres
150
What is the average home range size for the Eastern Grey Squirrel?
8 acres
151
What is the minimum home range size for the Fox?
2 acres
152
What is the minimum home range size for the Eastern Grey Squirrel?
2 acres
153
Describe the color pattern of the eastern grey squirrel
The Eastern Grey Squirrel has white-tipped hairs on its arms, neck, and rump, with ears having a white spot during winter.
154
What is the scientific name of the Scaled Quail?
Callipepla squamata
155
What are the common names for the Scaled Quail?
Blue Quail or Cotton Top
156
Name the two sub-species of Scaled Quail.
* C.s. Pallida (Arizona Form)
* C.s. casranogastris (Chestnut Bellied)
157
How does the size of the Scaled Quail compare to the BWQ?
Larger
158
What is the typical covey size for Scaled Quail?
25 or more
159
What color markings are present on the Scaled Quail?
Blue gray feathers on front and upper back
160
What is the average clutch size for Scaled Quail?
12
161
What is the incubation time for Scaled Quail eggs?
21 days
162
What factor affects the success of Scaled Quail reproduction?
Unreliable nature of rainfall in west and south Texas
163
What does the diet of Scaled Quail primarily consist of?
Seeds (hard), insects, etc.
164
What is the primary component of nesting cover for Scaled Quail?
Dense brush or feedlots
165
How do Scaled Quail obtain water?
Surface not required, but covey will be present if nearby
166
Where do Scaled Quail typically linger?
Troughs and surface tanks; potentially feedlots or stockyards
167
Define Puddle Ducks
Found in shallow marshes or rivers. Tip or dabble in water.
## Footnote
Puddle ducks are known for their feeding behavior, often seen tipping forward to reach underwater vegetation.
168
List 3 common Puddle Ducks
* Green Winged
* Gadwall
* Mallard
## Footnote
Other common puddle ducks include Mottled, American Wigeon, Pintail, Blue-Winged, and Shoveler.
169
Define Diving Ducks
Run or pedal to fly, feet more backwards on body, deeper marshes, bays, or lakes.
## Footnote
Diving ducks are adapted for diving underwater to feed on aquatic plants and animals.
170
List 3 common Diving Ducks
* Redhead
* Canvasback
* Bufflehead
## Footnote
Other common diving ducks include Ring-Necked, Goldeneye, Merganser, and Lesser Scaup.
171
What ducks are increasing in numbers?
Black whistling and whistling duck.
## Footnote
Population trends can vary based on environmental changes and conservation efforts.
172
List 4 common geese that winter in Texas
* Canada
* Lesser Snow
* Ross’
* White fronted
## Footnote
These geese are often seen in large flocks during the winter months.
173
What is the adult weight range of geese?
3.4 – 12.5 pounds.
## Footnote
Weight can vary significantly among different species of geese.
174
Describe the color and flying pattern of the Lesser Snow Goose.
Dark and white phase; U shaped patterns.
## Footnote
The Lesser Snow Goose can exhibit varied plumage based on age and season.
175
Describe the color and flying pattern of the Ross’ Goose.
Small white, black winged tips.
## Footnote
Ross' Goose is often confused with the Lesser Snow Goose but is smaller and has distinct wing markings.
176
Describe the color and flying pattern of the White-fronted Goose.
Brownish; v like Canada geese.
## Footnote
The White-fronted Goose is known for its distinctive white face and is often seen migrating in a V formation.
177
Define wetland
Water is the dominating factor that determines the nature of plants, soil, and animals.
## Footnote
Wetlands are crucial ecosystems that support diverse wildlife.
178
What is the most productive habitat/land in the country?
Wetlands.
## Footnote
Wetlands are vital for biodiversity and provide numerous ecological services.
179
What benefits do wetlands provide?
* Flood protection
* Erosion control
* Wildlife food and habitat
* Commercial fisheries
* Water quality
* Recreation
## Footnote
Wetlands play a key role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human activities.
180
List the 6 categories of wetlands in Texas
* Gulf Coast
* Bottomland
* Playa lakes
* Freshwater springs and headwater
* West Texas Riparian
* Coastal Pothole Wetlands
## Footnote
Each category has unique characteristics and supports different types of wildlife.
181
What was the net loss of Gulf Coast wetlands from 2004-2009?
257,150 acres.
## Footnote
This loss highlights the ongoing challenges faced by wetland ecosystems due to human activity and climate change.
182
What is the reduction of undesirable species in Bottomland Hardwood?
Reduction of undesirable species.
## Footnote
Managing wetland areas often involves controlling invasive species to promote native biodiversity.
183
What is the scientific name of the Wild Turkey?
Meleagris gallopavo
## Footnote
This is the taxonomic classification for the Wild Turkey.
184
What are the sub-species scientific names of the Wild Turkey?
* silvestris Vieillot
* intermedia sennett
* merriami nelson
## Footnote
These names represent different sub-species of the Wild Turkey.
185
What are the common names of the sub-species of the Wild Turkey?
* Eastern
* Rio Grande
* Merriam’s
## Footnote
These names are commonly used to refer to the different sub-species.
186
Which Wild Turkey sub-species is most abundant in Texas?
Rio Grande
## Footnote
The Rio Grande Wild Turkey is the most prevalent in Texas.
187
What is the size range of adult male Wild Turkeys?
12-20 pounds
## Footnote
This weight range is typical for adult male Wild Turkeys.
188
What is the size range of female Wild Turkeys?
8-12 pounds
## Footnote
Female Wild Turkeys are generally smaller than males.
189
What is the top speed of a Wild Turkey when running?
15 mph
## Footnote
This is the maximum speed a Wild Turkey can achieve while running.
190
What is the top speed of a Wild Turkey while flying?
40 mph
## Footnote
Wild Turkeys can reach this speed in flight.
191
What is the average clutch size for Wild Turkeys?
12
## Footnote
Clutch sizes can range from 8 to 26 eggs.
192
What is the incubation time for Wild Turkey eggs?
28 days
## Footnote
This is the typical period for Wild Turkey eggs to incubate.
193
Name two diseases that affect Wild Turkeys.
* Blackhead
* Fowl cholera
* Pox
## Footnote
These are common diseases that can impact Wild Turkey populations.
194
What percentage of the poults' diet consists of insects?
90%
## Footnote
Insects make up the vast majority of the diet for Wild Turkey poults.
195
What type of cover is preferred for roosting by Wild Turkeys?
Large timber (Elm, pecan)
## Footnote
These tree species provide suitable roosting cover for Wild Turkeys.
196
What type of cover consists of brush, grassy fields, and thickets?
Escape Cover
## Footnote
This type of cover is crucial for Wild Turkeys to evade predators.
197
How do Wild Turkeys obtain water?
Food or free water
## Footnote
Wild Turkeys can derive moisture from their food or drink directly from water sources.
198
How far from water do Wild Turkey nests typically occur?
1 mile
## Footnote
Nests are generally located at this distance from water sources.
199
What is the annual range of Wild Turkeys?
8-10 miles
## Footnote
This distance represents the typical area a Wild Turkey will inhabit annually.
200
Within what distance should Wild Turkeys not be hunted from their roosting site?
quarter mile
## Footnote
This distance is important for the conservation of Wild Turkey populations.
201
What percentage of scattered openings is beneficial for habitat management of Wild Turkeys?
10-50%
## Footnote
Openings should be less than 20 acres for effective habitat management.
202
What is the most abundant big game animal in Texas?
White-tailed deer are the most abundant big game animal in the state.
203
What is the estimated population of white-tailed deer in Texas?
Texas has an estimated deer population of four million.
204
What is the annual harvest of white-tailed deer in Texas?
The annual harvest is about 600,000.
205
How do white-tailed deer vary across ecological areas?
They vary in weight, antler size, food habits, and color.
206
What type of digestive system do deer have?
Deer are ruminants, allowing them to partially chew food and later chew their 'cud'.
207
What are some communication methods used by deer?
Deer communicate through snorting, stomping, smell, raising their tail 'flag', and voice calls.
208
What is the top speed of white-tailed deer?
Their top speed is between 30 to 35 miles per hour.
209
What are antlers composed of?
Antlers are composed of bone material that grows from bases called pedicels.
210
When does antler development begin?
Antler development begins in April.
211
What is 'velvet' in relation to antlers?
'Velvet' is a network of blood vessels that nourishes antlers during development.
212
When are antlers shed?
Antlers are shed in February.
213
What age do bucks typically reach prime antler development?
Prime antler development occurs when a buck is five to six years old.
214
What is a yearling deer?
A yearling deer is approximately one and one-half years old.
215
What is a fawn?
A fawn is less than one year old.
216
What factors can lead to spiked bucks?
Spiked bucks may occur due to high competition for food, genetics, nutrition, or age.
217
When do both bucks and does become sexually mature?
They typically become sexually mature during their second fall/winter (15 to 20 months old).
218
What is the normal breeding period for deer?
The normal breeding period occurs between October and January.
219
How many estrus cycles can a doe have in a year?
A doe can have three estrus cycles a year.
220
How long is a doe receptive to a buck?
A doe is receptive for about 28 hours.
221
What is the average gestation period for deer?
The gestation period averages about 200 days.
222
How many fawns does a doe typically produce in her first pregnancy?
A doe's first pregnancy usually produces a single fawn.
223
What is the average number of fawns produced per breeding doe per year?
Good habitat produces an average of one and one-half fawns per breeding doe per year.
224
What is the impact of predation on fawns?
Predation by coyotes may take from 20 to 60 percent of the annual fawn crop.
225
What is a deer's home range?
A home range is the area where an individual deer spends most of its time.
226
How does home range size vary?
Home range size varies according to the availability of food, water, and cover.
227
How can the age of a deer be estimated?
Age can be estimated by examining tooth replacement or wear on the premolars and molars.
228
What are the three general categories of plants eaten by deer?
1. Browse or woody plants 2. Forbs or weeds 3. Grasses.
229
What is the ideal daily dry matter intake for deer?
A good deer diet consists of three to seven pounds of dry matter per day.
230
What percentage of protein should a deer's diet contain?
The diet should contain from 14 to 18 percent protein.
231
What types of agricultural crops do deer like?
Deer like crops such as peanuts, corn, peas, clover, oats, ryegrass, and wheat.
232
What type of cover do white-tailed deer require?
Deer require some type of woody cover for shelter from weather and predators.
233
What is the recommended percentage of cover in an area for deer?
The ideal percentage of cover would vary from 20 to 70 percent.
234
How much water do deer consume daily?
Deer consume one-half to one gallon of water daily.
235
What is the recommended distance for water sources from deer habitat?
Water should be available within one to three miles.
236
What is the relationship between food, cover, and water in deer management?
Management involves retaining, creating, or improving the relationship between food, cover, and water.
237
What is the most common limiting factor for white-tailed deer in Texas?
Forage quality is the most common limiting factor.
238
What is the impact of livestock grazing on deer?
Livestock grazing can lead to competition for food, affecting deer nutrition.
239
What should be done if cover is lacking for deer?
Native woody re-growth should be protected or modified.
240
What is the effect of carrying capacity on deer populations?
Carrying capacity determines the number of deer an area can support.
241
What happens when deer numbers exceed carrying capacity?
Exceeding carrying capacity leads to reduced body weights, decreased antler development, and lower fawn survival.
242
What is the ideal buck to doe ratio for deer populations?
An ideal ratio is about 1:1, slightly below carrying capacity.
243
What can improve deer habitat on grazing land?
Proper livestock grazing and stocking rates can improve deer habitat.
244
What can be included in range planting for deer?
Species valuable for deer can be included in range planting.
245
What is the weight range of mature mule deer?
Nationally, mature mule deer weigh between 125 and 400 pounds, and between 125 to 300 in Texas.
246
What is the record antler spread for mule deer?
The record antler spread for mule deer is 47.5 inches.
247
What are mule deer antlers referred to as?
Mule deer antlers are referred to as bifurcated, meaning they usually form a back fork.
248
When is the mule deer breeding season?
The mule deer breeding season extends from mid-November through mid-February, with the peak occurring in late December.
249
What is the gestation period for mule deer?
The gestation period for mule deer is approximately seven months (210 days).
250
When are most mule deer fawns born?
Most fawns are born in June and July.
251
How long do does wean their fawns?
Does wean the fawns in 60 to 75 days if adequate green forage is available.
252
What influences fawn survival in mule deer?
Fawn survival is influenced by weather, predation, and habitat quality.
253
What is the average fawn crop in the Trans-Pecos?
Mule deer fawn crops average 45% in the Trans-Pecos.
254
What is the home range of mule deer?
The home range of mule deer is approximately two to four square miles, but it can be as large as 26 square miles in the Panhandle.
255
When do mule deer shed their antlers?
Antlers are shed after the breeding season in mid-January to mid-April.
256
What is the main item in the diet of mule deer?
Browse is the main item in the diet of the mule deer, representing approximately 70%.
257
What percentage of the mule deer diet is made up of forbs?
Forbs average 25% of the diet.
258
What is the maximum distance between water sources for mule deer?
Water should be no greater than 2.5-3 miles apart for optimum distribution of mule deer.
259
What is a limiting factor for mule deer populations?
Quality of habitat is a factor that limits mule deer populations.
260
What is the desirable buck-doe ratio for stable mule deer populations?
A buck-doe ratio of 1:3 is desirable if the population is stable and within carrying capacity.
261
What should be avoided in brush control for mule deer management?
Avoid indiscriminate brush control and protect important forage species.
262
What is the recommended harvest percentage for bucks?
Harvest of bucks should be no more than 10% to allow the bucks to reach a mature age class.
263
What can be planted for mule deer winter grazing?
Small grain or legume plots can be planted for mule deer for winter grazing.
