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BIOLOGY > Bio f4 chap 14 > Flashcards

Bio f4 chap 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do organisms need to maintain their body shapes?

A
  • important for movement and support
  • enables organs in the body to function properly
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2
Q

For animals that move on the ground, what is the advantage of having legs below the body (for example, rats) compared to having legs at the side of the body (for example, crocodile)?

A
  • animals with legs below the body lift their body mass above the ground to reduce friction while moving
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3
Q

In your opinion, why do birds have hollow bones?

A
  • hollow bones are light which facilitates flying
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4
Q

As a doctor, explain ways to help scoliosis patients go through normal daily life.

A
  • in the case of minor scoliosis, doctors will carry out routine observation until the maturity level of the bone is almost completed
  • special equipment to support the backbone (bracing)
  • surgery
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5
Q

Define osteoporosis and explain the measures that should be adopted at a young age to prevent osteoporosis at old age.

A
  • osteoporosis is a disease whereby the bones become thin, porous (sponge-like) and break easily
  • can be prevented by taking calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D
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6
Q

Why is it important for an organism to maintain its shape?

A
  • movement and support
  • enables body organs to function properly
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7
Q

Describe the meaning of good posture. Why must we always practise good posture while doing any activity?

A
  • good posture refers to the correct way of sitting, standing, kneeling and carrying our other body movements
  • good posture provides perfect support to the musculoskeletal system, eases blood flow, reduces injury to skeletal muscles and relieves pressure to the vertebral muscles and column
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8
Q

Explain why muscle contractions require adequate blood supply.

A
  • muscle contraction needs a lot of ATP energy produced during cellular respiration
  • a large amount of blood is needed to transport and supply oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells
  • at the same time, blood transports waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid out of the muscle cells
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9
Q

Explain the role of vertebrae during body movement.

A
  • provide a surface for muscle attachment
  • the vertebral column consists of many vertebrae which are connected to each other and enables the backbone to bend
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10
Q

Relate the thoracic vertebrae to the breathing mechanism.

A
  • the thoracic vertebrae possess a long spinous process and transverse process for muscle and ligament attachment
  • have two-face joint on the transverse process forming a joint with the ribs
  • allows ribs to move up and down
  • the joints between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs enable the ribs to move up and down when the intercostal muscles contract and relax
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11
Q

If tendon is torn due to an accident, what problems will the victim face?

A
  • movement cannot take place at the joints
  • biceps is not attached to radius
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12
Q

Suggest a suitable food for a person with fractured humerus. In your opinion, explain why this particular food is presumed suitable for the individual.

A
  • milk
  • contains calcium for bone formation and growth
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13
Q

Describe how earthworm and fish skeletal systems are adapted for locomotion in their respective habitats.

A

Locomotion of an earthworm
- earthworms have a hydrostatic skeleton
- earthworms move with the aid of hydrostatic pressure changes in the body
- the circular muscles contract and the longitudinal muscles relax antagonistically
- this causes the hydrostatic pressure to be transferred from the anterior to the posterior

Locomotion of a fish
- possesses endoskeleton
- the fish bone provides surface for muscle attachment
- the left myotome contracts and the right myotome relaxes antagonistically
- the tail moves to the left and right producing a push forard

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14
Q

Explain the measures that can be practised to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system.

A
  • the intake of balanced nutrition, for example, taking calcium supplement, phosphate, vitamin A, C and D.
  • vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and vitamin C increases bone mass
  • wear comfortable and loose attire
  • avoid wearing high-heeled shoes
  • exercise and participate in sports regularly
  • practise correct and safe exercise techniques to prevent injury to the musculoskeletal system
  • always adopt good posture in all daily activities
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15
Q

Explain the property of muscles involved in human movement.

A
  • the muscles involved in movement is skeletal muscles
  • skeletal muscles produce a voluntary response because they are controlled by the nervous system and can be stimulated under conscious control
  • skeletal muscles are unable to push or stretch but can contract and relax
  • skeletal muscles provide the force that is needed to move bones at the joints
  • contraction shortens the skeletal muscle
  • relaxation returns the muscle to its original shape and size
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16
Q

Describe the factors that may put an individual at a high risk of developing osteoporosis.

A
  • age factor: as a person ages, the density of the bone decreases and subsequently, the bone mass decreases
  • lack of oestrogen: osteoporosis is more common in menopausal women because the oestrogen level drops after menopause. oestrogen is involved in calcium metabolism; helps the body absorb calcium and reduce its loss
  • lack of exercise: exercise stimulates calcium sedimentation
  • lack of calcium intake in the diet
17
Q

The long bones in mammals are not compact but hollow. Explain the advantages of hollow bones.

A
  • hollow bones reduce body weight
  • they also require less building material such as calcium and phosphorus
  • the force that can break a long hollow bone is concentrated at the edges of the bone
  • bones that are hollow in the middle are just as strong as compact bones
18
Q

Birds fly using wings. The wing movement allows birds to exert an upthrust. However, the ability of birds to fly not only depends on its wings but also its support system. Explain how the support system helps birds to fly.

A
  • the bone marrow of birds is porous and not compact
  • the arrangement of bone cells is not compact
  • a flying bird’s bones are lighter
  • reduces the bird’s weight and helps it to fly
19
Q

The latest research in treating bone fracture includes the use of materials such as carbon monotube that serves as a scaffolding for bone tissue growth. If you are a scientist looking for new material to treat damaged bones, what are the characteristics that the material should have in order to replace broken bones?

A
  • the new material must be very light but strong enough the support body weight
  • the material must also be inexpensive and the patient’s body must not reject it
  • the material used must be biodegradable after the actual bone regrows

BIOLOGY (16 decks)

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