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SCIENCE EXAM REVISION > Bio Exam Revision > Flashcards

Bio Exam Revision Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Organelles?

A

Organelles are small, specialized structures within cells.

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2
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

Cell Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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3
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a carrier around the cell that allows materials to pass in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell that provides structure and contains smaller parts of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the Nucleus of the cell

A

The control center of the cell and contains the DNA

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6
Q

What is the Mitochondrion?

A

Provides energy for the cell through cellular respiration. (plural: mitochondria)

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7
Q

Where are proteins formed?

A

Proteins are formed in Ribosomes

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8
Q

What is a Cell Wall?

A

A cell wall provides rigid support and protection for plant and fungal cells.

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9
Q

What is a Chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

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10
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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11
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of cells

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12
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

It contains the genetic code for every structure and function in an organism.

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13
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

DNA determines inherited characteristics

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14
Q

Every person has unique DNA. True or False?

A

True

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15
Q

What can DNA be used for?

A

It can be used in forensics to place people at a crime scene.`

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16
Q

Why is your DNA unique?

A

Your DNA is a unique combination of genetic material passed down from your parents so it is unique.

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17
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are molecules that make up DNA.

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18
Q

What are the three main parts of the nucleotide molecules?

A
  • A Phosphate group
  • A Deoxyribose sugar
  • A nitrogenous base
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19
Q

What is the structure of DNA called?

A

The structure of DNA is called a double helix.

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20
Q

Explain the structure of DNA.

A
  • The sugar and phosphate make up the sides of the
    DNA ladder.
  • The nitrogenous bases make up the steps of the l
    adder and fill the middle. these bases are bonded with
    hydrogen bonds.
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21
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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22
Q

What nitrogenous bases pair with each other?

A
  • Adenine and Thymine
  • Guanine and Cytosine
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23
Q

What is the form of DNA called?

A

The form of DNA is called chromatin

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24
Q

What does DNA do when a cell is ready to reproduce

A

When a cell prepares to reproduce, the DNA condenses into a tight package known as a chromosome

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25
Q

How many chromosomes do most cells in a human body contain?

A

46 chromosomes

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26
Q

When can chromosomes be visible?

A

When a cell gets ready to reproduce, the chromosomes can be visible from the nucleus of the cell.

27
Q

How many cells do offspring get from each parent?

A

23 chromosomes come from the father and 23 from the mother.

28
Q

what is unraveled DNA in the nucleus called?

A

Chromatin

29
Q

What are the two copies of DNA that a chromosome can have?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Double stranded
30
Q

What is the point in the middle where chromatids join at called?

A

Centromere

31
Q

All 46 chromosomes in a human are organized into …

A

Pairs.

32
Q

What are the pairs human chromosomes are organized into known as?

A

Homologous pairs

33
Q

___ of each homologous pair is inherited from each parent.

A
  • One
    (23 from your mother and 23 from your father)
34
Q

What are the first 22 homologous pair called?

A

Autosomes.

35
Q

What do Autosomes determine?

A

The determine the general characteristics.

36
Q

What are the last two chromosomes in a human karyotype called?

A

Sex chromosomes.
They determine the gender of the individual.

37
Q

What chromosome homologous pair Male and Female?

A
  • XX = Female
  • XY = Male
38
Q

What are Genes?

A

DNA in chromosomes consists of small sections that are called genes, which determine characteristics of an organism.

39
Q

What does genes being arranged in different orders determine.

A

The different orders in which nitrogenous bases are arranged within a gene, are what gives the individual their unique characteristics.

40
Q

Why do family members often share similar traits?

A

This is because genes are passed from parents to offspring.

41
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself in preparation for cell division.

42
Q

How many stages does DNA replication occur in?

A

DNA replication occurs in two stages.

43
Q

What cell/s in your body do not contain a nucleus with chromosomes made of DNA in it?

A

Red blood cells.

44
Q

What happens in stage 1 of DNA replication?

A

Individual strands of the double helix unwind and separate from each other, exposing the nitrogenous bases.

45
Q

What happens in stage 2 of DNA replication?

A

Within the nucleus there are free nucleotides which are not part of a DNA chain.
These free nucleotides connect to the exposed nitrogenous bases following complementary base pairing rules (A + T, G + C).
This forms two strands of DNA which are both identical.

46
Q

What happens in stage 3 of DNA replication?

A

The replication process in now complete.

The two new DNA strands are “proofread” by enzymes. Any errors are corrected.

47
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

Cells need to divide frequently to allow the body to frow and repair.

e.g. When you get a cut or a graze skin cells have to divide to repair the damage.

48
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a from of asexual reproduction that occurs in somatic cells. ( somatic cells are all cells except sex cells)

49
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction that occurs in gametes. ( sex cells )

50
Q

Name two differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

A
  • Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction
  • Mitosis occurs in only somatic cells
  • Meiosis is a from of sexual reproduction.
  • Meiosis only occurs in gametes
51
Q

What are the phases that mitosis occurs in ( in order )?

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
52
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A

Most of cell’s life is spend in interphase and it includes the general day to day processes of the cell.

  • In this phase chromosomes are copied
  • This is done to produce two exact copies of DNA at the end of Mitosis.
  • During interphase, the DNA appears in chromatin form.
53
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane disappears.
Spindle fibres from, which are fine fibres that help to move and split chromosomes during cell division.

  • By the end of prophase, each chromosome and its copy condense to form a double stranded chromosome.
54
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A
  • The double stranded chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.
  • Double stranded chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell
  • Spindle fibres are attached to the centromeres of the double stranded chromosomes
55
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract and pull the double stranded chromosomes apart.
  • Sister chromatids separate at the centromere.
  • Anaphase ends when the chromatids are at opposite poles of the cell.
  • poles of a cell are the opposite ends of the cell.
56
Q

What happens in the Telophase?

A
  • The spindle fibres disappear
  • Two new nuclear membranes form around the two bundles of chromatids.
  • Each chromatid is identical to both each other and to the parent cell
  • As the new nuclear membranes from the chromosomes unravel again to from chromatin.
57
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is when complete daughter cells re-enter interphase until the cell is ready to divide again.

58
Q

What happens to daughter cells during cytokinesis?

A
  • Each daughter cell now has an identical copy of DNA, which is also identical to the parent cell.
  • Each daughter cell now has it’s own cytoplasm and nucleus.
59
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a from of cell division that only occurs in formatino of gametes.

60
Q

What is the function of Meiosis?

A

The function of Meiosis is to create daughter cells (gametes) which are genetically different to their parent cells.

61
Q

Why is Meiosis important?

A

Meiosis is important because it allows for genetic variation between parents and their offspring through sexual reproduction.

62
Q

How many nuclear divisions does meiosis occur over?

A
  • 2
  • Meiosis I
  • Meiosis II
63
Q

What does Meiosis I do?

A

Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosomes in the cell from 46 to 23

Meiosis II increases the number of daughter cells produced from 2 to four

64
Q

What happens in Prophase I

A

Meiosis I begins
Nuclear membrane disappears
Spindle fibres form
Chromatin condenses to from 46 double stranded chromosomes

SCIENCE EXAM REVISION (1 decks)

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