Bio Exam Key Terms Flashcards

Question

The characteristics of Division Zygomycota (Fungi)

Answer 1

*Bread molds *less than 1% of fungi *approx 1000 species *most are saprophytic; living on dead plant and animal matter *few are parasites *most reproduce asexually by spores in sporangia *sexual reproduction involves conjugation

Answer 2

Two strains and formation of resting zygotes called zygosporangia

Answer 3

*sac fungi *65 000 species (large group) *characterized by the fomation of asci (singular=ascus) sexual spore bearing cells *characteristically on inner surface (hymenial layer) of complex structures called ascocarps (fruiting bodies)

Answer 4

resemble small sacs hence the name contwaining haploid ascospres saci is produced via meiosis follwed the most species by a mitotic dividion developing into dikaryotic (two nuclei per cell) hyphae

Answer 5

*approx 30 000 species contain the largest most familiar fungi *mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi *under the proper condions the mycelium produces fruiting bodies basidiocarps *features of the basidiocarps allow us to identify an organism to species. *there are numerous club shaped structures called basidia *on each mature basidum there are spike like spores called basidiospores, one small white mushroom at the store can produce upward to 10 billion basidispores.

Answer 6

under the proper conditions the mycelium reproduces sexually by producing fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.

Answer 7

basidiocarps are the structures that allow the fungus to reproduce sexually by producing and dispersing spores.

Answer 8

including edible mushrooms, such as common Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms), they produce basidiospores on basidia.

Answer 9

basidiospres are not produced on the surface of tubes (not gills as in many other basidiomycetes like agarics or mushrooms) the spores are released from the pore openings after they are mature.

Answer 10

the outer layer of the puffball breaks open, and a puff of spores is released into the air, often triggered by wind, rain or physical disturbance. The spores are produced inside the fruiting body on a structure called a basidium.

Answer 11

like all basdiomycetes bracket fungi produce basidiospores on specialized cells called basidia. These basidia are typically found on the surface of the pores (or sometimes on gills germinate to form new fungal individuals, completing the reproductive cycle.

Answer 12

just like mushrooms, bracket fungi and other Basidomycetes, they reproduce basidiospores in the basidia, located on the surface of the basidiocarp (the fruiting body)

Answer 13

Structure that develops from the vegetative mycelium and functions in sexual reproduction, specifically in the production and dispersal of basidiospres.

Answer 14

*formerly classified as members of the Zygomycota *do not produce basidiocarps, instead they have zygosporangia and sporangia as their main reproductive structures. *live in the roots of herbaceous plants and tropical trees where they form mutualistic relationships with their hosts.

Answer 15

they are a unique and resilient combination of fungi and photosynthetic organisms, forming diverse and ecologically important partnerships. They can survive in extreme environments , play key roles in ecosystems and serve as important bioindicators of environmental health.

Answer 16

the shape and form (morphology) of a lichen is usually due to fungal partner. in general three types of lichen thallus (body forms) can be recongized readily.

Answer 17

it has a flattened thallus, wavy leaf like structure or a number of flattened or wavy bodies.

Answer 18

one or more rounded or flattened branches with no real lower or upper surface. It often stands erect, like a tiny brush, shrub or tree or it may hang from the twigs as a series of branching hairs or straps.

Answer 19

often forms a crusty thin layer on rock or bark, it is not easily separated from a substrate.

Answer 20

The upper cortex- protects the lichen from environmental stress. The algal layer- followed by the medulla (a thick, spongy looking layer) that stores water and nutrients The lower cortex- anchors the lichen to the surface, and rhizines (if present) help with attachment. the specific arrangement and the pressence of these layeres contribute to the lichens ability to survive in a wide range of environments, from desserts to wet rainforests.

Answer 21

*approx 95% of all known animal species *animals without backbones

Answer 22

*have a backbone or vertical column composed of individual segments called vertebrae that protects the nerve cord and a skull.

Answer 23

symmetry- the arrangement of body structures in relation to the axis of the body. radical and bilateral symmetry

Answer 24

*there is only one plane (which must pass through the midline of the body) *an animal image can be cut into two mirroring images *an animal image can be cut into two mirroring images

Answer 25

*more then one plane *image can be cut into identical halves by a straight line drawn through the center of the animal *usually animals with no defined face *neither exhibiting bilateral or radical symmetry *lack true tissues

Answer 26

may be exhibited in two ways: 1. structures or body parts are divided into a longitudinal (linear) series of similar repeated subunits. 2. structures or body parts are divided into units that are NOT similar in appearance; for example some animals show an evident head, thorax (critical part of the body involved in movement

Answer 27

the body is divided into series of compartments which can allow for more or less independent regulation of each segment. In essence the body segments can perform specialised functions, move autonomously and adapt to changes or injuries without disrupting the entire organism.

Answer 28

Types: hydrostatic, exoskelton, and endoskelteon

Answer 29

hydro= water has a body cavity containing incompressible fluid that transmits pressure changes uniformly in all directions this cavity is surrounded by flexible muscles.

Answer 30

a hard encasement containing protein and chitin, deposited on the external (outside) surface of the animal *some animals molt their exoskeleton *shells (snails and turtles)

Answer 31

within, inner a supporting framework internal to the epidermis *often associate it with vertebrates *one invertebrate that has an endoskeleton Echinoderms

Answer 32

the three germ layers: Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Answer 33

a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastrula of an embryo folds forming germ layers

Answer 34

the tissue layer that gives rise to outer covering of the animal

Answer 35

inner most germ layer and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract or cavity and other vital organs

Answer 36

Animals only have two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Answer 37

condone mesoderm: middle layer all animals with bilateral symmetry

Answer 38

only organisms that have truee tissue will be deuterostome or protostome development.

Answer 39

first mouth *Mouth develops first: the first opening that forms in the developing embryo (called the blastospre) becomes the mouth, ex insects, worms and mollusks. spiral cleavage - during early cell division (cleavage) the cells divide in a spiral pattern. determinate cleavage - the fate of each cell is determined early, meaning each cell is set to come a specific part of the organisms.

Answer 40

second mouth, anus develops first, the blastospore becomes the anus second opening becomes the mouth radial cleavage - the cell divide in a radial pattern, meaning they align directly above or below each other. indeterminate cleavage - the fate of each cell is not determined early, which means the cells can develop into any part of the organisms, allowing for more flexability, starfish, worms and sea urchins

Answer 41

all aniamls have a common ancestor and form a monophyletic clade

Answer 42

all animals that have true tissue belong to the clade

Answer 43

all members have a shared derived characteristic of bilateral symmetry and three germ layers

Answer 44

1. deuterostomia, an aimportant group of animals with specific developmental patterns that distinguish them from Protostomia the mouth forms first 2. Lophotrochozoa - some have a lophophore (a crown of cilated tentaclees that function in feeding 3. Ecdysozoa - animalsthat shed through external coat called moulting ecdysis

Answer 45

a thickened band with functions in reproductions is closer to the anterior end

Answer 46

dividing wall or animal or plant

Answer 47

essentially the brain and the center of a simplistic nervous system

Answer 48

all members are aquatic living in freshwater and marine environments

Answer 49

specualized flagellated cells that help circulate the water and capture nutrients as well as sperm for reproduction.

Answer 50

skeleton supported by collagen fibers and structures known as spicules (diverse, hard often needle-like structures found in a wide range of organisms)

Answer 51

1. Medusa stage, a free living, motile stage 2. Polyp stage, a stationary, sessile (a tubular shape)

Answer 52

it can for example be used to wrap around small objects, stick to or penetrate surfaces for secrete toxians

Answer 53

*no uniquly defining characters *flattened bodies *no specialized respiratory or circulated systems *no body cavity *digestive system only has one opening *80% are parastic

Answer 54

*resemble segmented worms (phylum annelida) but LACK segmentation. *covered in a tough cuticle *have an alimentary canal *lack circulatory system *found in aquatic and soil environments *super abundant

Answer 55

*all memebers are vermiform; soft bodied, circular in c.s longer than wide *Metamerism refers to the reputation to similar body segments along the length of an organisms body. *in most each segmented also contains a number of tiny bristles called setae that function of locomotion

Answer 56

*soft bodied but hard shell which is specialized tissue called the mantle *all mollusks have a muscular foot - the foot is highly modified for a variety of functions in different groups *Radula: used for scrapping algae and other food off rocks

Answer 57

*80% of animal species *segmented bodies with a hardened chitonous exoskeleton *numerous paired jointed appendages *complete digestive system and centralized nervous systrem *metatmorphises

Answer 58

*bodies are made tough, calcium-based platges that are often covered by a thin "skin" and in some mebers spines also *they have endoskeletons *all adults show a five part arrangement of radial symmetry *the mouths are located on the underside of their bodies and some can even extrude their stomachs from their bodies to digest prey.

Answer 59

*all vertebraes *includes also two invertebrates (the cephalochordates and the urochordates *all share a set of four derived characteristics these traits are; notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts annd a post-anal tail

Answer 60

*about 5% of all all known animals are vertebraes *have a backbone or composed of individual segments called vertebrae *vertebrates are members of the Phylum Chordata *range in size 7.7mm long Paedophyrne amanuensis (newly species of frog) to 29.9m long Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale) *includes two groups, deutostomes: Urochordates and Cephalochordates

Answer 61

1. a notochord 2. a dorsal hallow nerve 3. pharyngeal slits or cleafs 4. a muscular tail extending beyond the anus (post anal tail) some or all of these features may be present only during an animals embryonic stage and maybe absent in the adults.

Answer 62

*are one of only two invertebrate chordate groups. Lancelets are the closest living relative to vertebrates *they show all four chordate features in both the embryo and adults

Answer 63

*during the Cambrian period 500 million years ago vertebrates arose from a lineage of invertebrate chordates *unlike invertebrate chordates vertebrates possess a neural crest, (a collection of cells of cells found in the embryo stage that later give rise to structures such as teeth, bone or cartilage of the skull