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BIO 105 Exam 3 > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Forces

A

Lift ^
Thrust >
Drag <
Gravity v

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2
Q

Movement underwater

A

Yaw
Roll
Pitch

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3
Q

How do fish generate lift?

A

Buoyancy with swim bladder

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4
Q

How does gas get into swim bladder?

A

Arteries and veins form net around swim bladder

  1. Blood acidifies
  2. Oxygen released from blood
  3. Moves into bladder
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5
Q

Bladder inflates? deflates?

A

Inflate: gain buoyancy
Deflate: lose buoyancy

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6
Q

Problem with buoyancy

A

Center of buoyancy below center of mass
Fish will flip over
Need additional help from fins

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7
Q

Types of fins

A 
Pectoral (pec- side)
Pelvic
Anal 
Dorsal (top)
Caudal (tail)
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8
Q

Dorsal Views? Which is best?

A

Looking down on top of fish.

Ovate
Elongate
Fusiform
Needle-like (the best)

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9
Q

Cross-section? Which is best?

A

Laterally compressed
Circular (the best)
Triangular or sub-circular
Dorsoventrally depressed

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10
Q

What other factors affect body type?

A

Habitat
Feeding
Predator lifestyle

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11
Q

How do fish generate thrust?

A

Involves undulations of body

Differs in how much of body undulates

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12
Q

Types of undulations/ways to generate thrust?

A

Eel-Like

Mackerel-Like

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13
Q

Eel-like swimming

A

Most of body undulates

Dorsal fin extends down most of the body

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14
Q

Mackerel-like swimming

A

Only rear of body undulates

Stiff body
Use muscles
Large symmetrical tail
Tail has to generate a lot of thrust since only ⅓ of the body is “swimming”

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15
Q

Tail shape

A

High height to depth ratio:
Fast swimming
Good maneuvering

Low height to depth ratio:
Slower swimming
More drag

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16
Q

Types of fish muscle

A

White muscle
Red muscle

The entire muscle is essentially activated at once

Muscles are activated sequentially from head to tail

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17
Q

White Muscle

A

Fast
Used in burst
Small # of blood vessels
Most of body mass

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18
Q

Red Muscle

A

Slow
Endurance
Large # of blood vessels
Small part of body

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19
Q

Fish Fins and movement

A

Stabilizing, turning, propulsion

Can turn over like insect wings

Very flexible and moveable
-Can hover, turn, and brake

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20
Q

Fin rays

A

Attached to muscles

Allows fine motor control

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21
Q

Feeding in bluegill

A

Fish create a vacuum in mouth to suck in food

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22
Q

Boxfish

A

Live on reefs
Has fused bony plates along body
Move mainly by using pectoral fins
Small: 3-6 inches

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23
Q

Daimler-Chrysler’s bionic car/Chevy Bolt

A 
“Box fish car”
Mimic box shape
Mimic hexagon internal structure 
Extremely aerodynamic and stable
Reduces drag by up to 65%
Up to 70 miles per gallon (mpg)
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24
Q

Underwater autonomous vehicles (UAVs)

A

Swim in water and collect data
Temperature, salinity, currents
Used to map ocean floor
Ex. Robotic fish

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25
Q

Shark differences from fish?

A

Skeleton is made out of cartilage
Do not have a swim bladder
Fins are stiffer
Scales are like little teeth

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26
Q

How do sharks remain buoyant?

A

Don’t have swim bladder
1. Have extremely large bladder
25% of body weight
Stores oil

  1. Pectoral fins provide lift (similar to wings)
  2. Have unequal tail fin
    Upper lobe larger
    Generates force down
  3. Use body posturing
    Even with adaptations, shark will sink if not moving
    Most sharks continually keep moving (some rest on ocean floor)
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27
Q

Shark scales vs fish scales

A

Bony fishes: fairly smooth

Sharks: rough and pointed

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28
Q

Shark Scales

A
  1. Pointed towards tail
  2. Keel in the middle and at sides
  3. Forms grooves for water
    Reduces friction

Makes it harder for other organisms to stick on scales
Sharks don’t have a slime coat

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29
Q

Fastskin suit

A

Reduces friction

Using shark scales as a way to modify
Scientists questioned if the suit actually reduced friction and it didn’t → taken off shelves

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30
Q

Major problem for fish and ships is biofouling

A

Small organisms grow on surface, just like on whales (barnacles). Can’t grow on scales

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31
Q

Solution for biofouling

A

Ships use heavy metal in the paint (like copper)

Except when the paint chips, it’ll fall into the ocean and cause pollution

They realized sharks don’t have biofouling

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32
Q

Gator Sharkote

A

Makes it harder for other organisms to stick on scales

Algae can’t attach well to this surface

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33
Q

Echolocation

A

Location of Objects by reflected sound

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34
Q

Sonar

A

Echolocation underwater

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35
Q

Animals that use echolocation

A

Most bats
Dolphins
Toothed whales (Orca)
Vagrant Shrew

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36
Q

Primary uses of Echolocation

A
  1. Primarily used to find food
  2. Used for orientation in environment
  3. Exploring surroundings (Shrews)
  4. Navigating in caves (bird)
    Used when vision is not sufficient
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37
Q

How echolocation works

A

Sound waves travel from sender
Hit object and reflect to sender
Time it takes for sound to come back is used to measure distance

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38
Q

Directionality

A

Directionality due to having two receivers
Sound Reaches one ear sooner than another
Movement away or towards determined by Doppler effect

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39
Q

Doppler Shifts

A

Time between waves changes
More time when moving away
Less time when moving towards

Like Car horn moving towards/away

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40
Q

Types of sounds produced by bats

A

Constant Frequency (CF)

Frequency modulation (FM)

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41
Q

Constant Frequency (CF)

A

Same frequency produced per unit time

Detecting targets and Doppler shifts

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42
Q

Frequency modulation (FM)

A

Downward sweep of frequencies

Honing in on distance to target

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43
Q

How does sound production in bats occur

A

Produced by larynx (Voice Box)

Some species emit through mouth or the nose

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44
Q

Dolphin Skull

A 
Brain case
Eye socket
Upper jaw
Lower jaw (BIGGER than upper)
Contains same ear bones as other mammals
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45
Q

Mammalian Ear Anatomy

A
  1. Outer Ear
    Captures sound and directs to rest of ear
  2. Middle Ear
    Series of bones that transfer vibration to inner ear structures
  3. Inner Ear
    Takes vibrations and translates them into nerve impulses
46
Q

How do dolphins hear?

A

Dolphins evolved a different outer ear

  • Lower Jaw is the “outer ear”
  • Hollow and fat-filled
  • Carries vibrations to middle ear
47
Q

Auditory bulla for dolphins

A

Dolphins isolated inner ear from rest of skull

Inner Ear encased in bone

Connected to skull by fibrous tissue

Connection between lower jaw and auditory bulla

48
Q

How do dolphins produce sound?

A

Still requires the use of air
Nostrils moved to top of head

Series of air sacs associated with blowhole

  • Air passes between sacs
  • Phonic Lips control air movement
  • Opening/closing causes clicks
49
Q

Melon

A

Acoustic lens that focuses sound

Made of low density fats

Surrounded by blood vessels
-Influence fat composition

May have other functions
-Like buoyancy

50
Q

Skull Anatomy of Odontocete Whale

A

Sound generator

Monkey Lips/Dorsal Bursa Complex (MLDB)

Monkey lips, anterior and posterior bursae

51
Q

Uses of echolocation by toothed whales

A
  1. Foraging for Food**
  2. Avoidance of predators**
  3. Awareness of environment**
  4. Communication avenue
  5. Social behavior
  6. Parental Care
52
Q

The BatHat

A

Hat designed to aid vision impaired

Consists of ultrasound sender and receiver

Vibrating motors to alert user

Hardware

53
Q

Computing Basics

A
  1. CPU
  2. Input Devices
  3. Output Devices
  4. Storage devices
  5. Memory (RAM)
54
Q

Binary logic

A

0=False

1=True

55
Q

Switches

A

electrical equivalents of 0 and 1 (2 states)

Off is 0
On is 1

56
Q

Combine and expand switches

A

Complex states with 2 switches (4 states)

1st state- 0 and 0
2nd state- 0 and 1
3rd state- 1 and 0
4th state- 1 and 1

57
Q

NOT, AND, NAND

A

NOT (Switch to other state)
0 to 1
1 to 0

AND (Combine two states)
0 0 = 0
0 1 = 0
1 0 = 0
1 1 = 1

NAND (Opposite of AND)

58
Q

Transistors

A

More transistors = more memory and speed

Pack close together as possible

Decrease travel time of electrical currents

232 million transistors in CPU

59
Q

Silicon-based Transistors

A

Control flow of electrons w/ gate
Pulls electrons up from P-Layer
Completes Circuits

60
Q

Moore’s Law

A

of transistors doubles every two years

61
Q

Stored-program computers

A

Von Neumann Architecture

Instructions contained in computer (Like calculator)
CPU and hard drive

Same computer can do many things

  • Fixed-program computer
  • Limited Utility
62
Q

Major constraint of stored-program computers

A

Von Neumann bottleneck

Limited data transfer from memory to CPU

CPU can work faster than info can get there
-Lag time decreases efficiency

Increases in hard drive size and processor speed don’t solve problem

63
Q

Brain Basics

A

Centralized structure of nervous tissue

Divided into sections with different functions

Conscious and subconscious controls mostly separate

64
Q

Cerebrum

A

80% of brain
10,000 miles of fibers per square inch

Two hemispheres connected by bridge of tissue
-250 million nerves in bridge

Storage, conscious thought, thinking, speech, motor control

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

Working memory to long-term (may take weeks)

Compares info to stored experiences
-Making meaning

66
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional responses as learning is stored from working memory to long-term

I fear Amy

67
Q

Neurons

A

Functional units of nervous system

100 billion neurons in human body

2/10ths second to travel from head to toe

Connections translate into learning

  • Useful connections permanent
  • Others pruned away
68
Q

Processing

A
  1. Senses
  2. Perceptual Register
  3. Short-Term Memory
  4. Working memory
69
Q

Senses

A

Collect about 40,000 bits per second

70
Q

Perceptual Register

A

Filters information in 1/1000th sec

Strength, nature, importance

71
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Holds data for about 30 sec

More important data diminishes processing of less important

72
Q

Working memory

A

Continuous processing occurs

10-20 min spent on one thing

If unresolved, items can last for days

73
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Connect to other neurons via synapses

  1. Dendrites (Receivers)
  2. Axon Terminals (Transmitters)
  3. Schwann’s Cells (Make Myelin)
  4. Axon (Conducting fiber)
  5. Myelin sheath (Insulating fatty layer that speeds transmission)
  6. Node of Ranvier
  7. Nucleus
  8. Cell body
74
Q

Brain vs. Computer

A
  1. Computers are not brains
  2. Brains are unpredictable, computing is about control
  3. Brains are not programmable like computers
  4. Brains compute physically, not logically/symbolically
  5. Brains are made of carbon not silicon
  6. Brains work in parallel, computers are linear
  7. Neurons are sophisticated computers, not switches
  8. Brains evolve by side effects, computers can’t
75
Q

Neurons are sophisticated computers, not switches

A

Neuron integrates many inputs

Compares them in detail

Adjusts the strength of the output

76
Q

Jigsaw Computing

A

Biological systems ‘feel’ the way to answers

Use the 3D shapes to identify molecules

Computers not good at picking out fuzzy images

Use of self-assembly to recognize patterns

77
Q

Use the 3D shapes to identify molecules

A

Substrate enters the active site of an enzyme

Enzyme changes shape as substrate binds

Enzyme + substrate à products

Products leaves active site of enzyme

78
Q

Computers not good at picking out fuzzy images

A

Average the input for each pixel

79
Q

Use of self-assembly to recognize patterns

A

Take an image

Project onto surface containing light receptors

Each receptor produces unique molecule

Molecules fall into solution and self-assembly

Measure concentrations of molecules to get pattern

80
Q

DNA Computing

A

Use self-assembly of DNA to solve problems

81
Q

DNA composed of

A 
Four components (nucleotides)
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
82
Q

Nucleotides are complementary

A

Self connect via Hydrogen bonding

Putting strands into solution leads to pairing

Each piece of information can be given unique sequence

83
Q

Brute Force Computing

A

Try every possible solution

Need to have lots of computers to do this

Each piece of DNA is like a processor

84
Q

Electrical Charge Storage

A

Magnetic head moves over platter

Reads and changes charges on surface

Hard drive
Platter
Copper wire
Actuator arm

85
Q

Light for Bio-Computing

A

Use light to retrieve information

Ridges- bumps
Land- between bumps

Photoelectrical cells detect light intensity

Ridge= weak signal, 0’s
Land= strong signal, 1’s
86
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A

Light sensing pigment

Switches shape when hit by light
Green light = folds up
Red light unfolds

Attach bacteriorhodopsin molecules to membrane

Use laser to flip molecules

Store binary data just like a hard drive

87
Q

Artificial Neuron

A

Weighted goes into Input

Input goes to Threshold Activation

Then goes to Output

88
Q

Input, Middle, Output Layer

A

Input Layer&raquo_space;> Middle Layer (artificial neurons)&raquo_space;> Output layer (prediction)

Keep doing it over and over until prediction matches whatever you’re looking for

89
Q

What is a robot?

A

A machine that can sense environment and respond

Agent&raquo_space;» Effectors&raquo_space;» Environment

Environment&raquo_space;» Sensors&raquo_space;» Agent

90
Q

Effectors

A

Convert software commands into motion
Usually electric motor or hydraulic/air cylinders

Two main types:
Locomotion
Manipulation

91
Q

Locomotion

A

Many kinds of effectors can be used to move a robot

Usual types:

  • Legs (for walking/crawling/climbing/jumping/hopping)
  • Wheels (for rolling)
  • Arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing)
  • Flippers (for swimming)
92
Q

Why is wheeled locomotion easier?

A

Stable
Can be fast
Consume less energy
Less moving parts

Wheels vary in shape, tire patterns, can even be on tracks

93
Q

Problems with wheeled locomotion?

A

Doesn’t handle complex environments well

Can’t climb over obstacles higher than wheel radius

94
Q

Popular design of wheeled locomotion?

A

Two steerable wheels and caster

Good for arbitrary routes

95
Q

Routes for locomotion

A

Concerned with getting to particular location

Following a particular route

Preferably without stopping and starting
-Very hard to do this

96
Q

Arbitrary routes

A

Use planning to compute optimal routes

Relies on ability to search for routes

Integrate neural nets

97
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

In what directions can robot move

Wheeled robots/car have low degrees of freedom
-Left, right, forward

Our arm
-6 degrees of freedom

98
Q

Legs

A

Better handling of rough terrain

Use of isolated footholds
-Optimize support and traction like a ladder

Active suspension

  • Decouples path of body from path of feet
  • Payload free to travel despite terrain
99
Q

Static

A 
Can stand still and not fall over
Need enough contact points for support
Legged animals have to learn to be statically stable
-Learn as babies
-Always actively adjusting
100
Q

Static Stability

A

Examine sequence of support patterns provided by quadruped walking

Body and legs move to keep center of gravity within the polygon defined by feet

  • Like AT-AT walkers
  • Polygon of support
  • Lifting one leg, having three legs make triangle
101
Q

Assumption of static gait

A

Weight of the leg is negligible compare to that of the body

  • Thus, the center of gravity is not affected by the leg swing
  • The conventional static gait is designed to maintain the center of gravity inside the support polygon
  • Polygon is outlined by support legsʼ positions
102
Q

Dynamic Stability

A

Allows robot to be stable moving

  • One-legged hopping robots are dynamically stable
  • Hop in one place or to a destination
  • But can’t stop or stand
103
Q

Tripod Gait

A

6 legs are popular because they have a stable walking gait

If 3 legs move at a time, alternating tripod gait

A rectangular 6 legged robot can lift 3 legs to move, and still retain static stability

104
Q

Alternating tripod gait

A

Biologically common walking pattern for animals with 6+ legs

Characteristics:

  • One middle leg on one side & two non-adjacent legs on the other side lift
  • 3 support legs remain and provide static stability
105
Q

Manipulation

A

Used to move materials or parts

Can manipulate large to micro objects

Designed based on jointed limbs

Human arm usual model

106
Q

Manipulators

A

Two general parts
1. Arm/body
-Used to move materials
within area

  1. Wrist
    - Used to orient material
107
Q

Bay Scallop

A

Has eyes that sense changes in light

108
Q

Slime Mold

A

Starts as single cell then groups into mass of cells

109
Q

Star-nosed mole

A

Nose has tentacles to detect food

World’s fastest eater- 230 milliseconds

110
Q

Giant Water Bug

A

Bug that can eat small fish and frogs

Males carry eggs around on back

111
Q

Tragus

A

Prominence on inner side of external ear

In front of and partly closing the passage to organs of hearing

112
Q

Sound detection where?

A

Extra Large Outer Ears

  • Function like antennae
  • Can be directed toward sounds
  • Need to deal with vertical detection

BIO 105 Exam 3 (1 decks)

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