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Biology 240 > Bio exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Meiosis create?

A

Gametes (genetically different haploid cells)

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2
Q

What is the order in which Meiosis functions?

A

Meiosis I -
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

Meiosis II -
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Teleophase II

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3
Q

What is synapsis?

A

It is the process when each chromosome pairs up with a binds to its corresponding homologous chromosome and forming a tetrad (four sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes)

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

Genetic information inherited from each parent

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5
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different version of the same gene on each chromosome

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6
Q

What occurs during prophase I?

A

Synapsis occurs as well as any potential crossing over. After, the nuclear membrane disappears, the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, and spindle fibers fan out from them

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7
Q

What occurs during metaphase I?

A

The homologous chromosomes line up at the equator and attach to spindle fibers from opposite poles

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8
Q

What occurs during anaphase I?

A

The spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes and pull them to opposite poles of the cell

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9
Q

What occurs during telophase I?

A

One chromosome from each homologous pair are at separate poles (each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids) The spindle fibers disappear and the nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A
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11
Q

What is the product of Meiosis I?

A

two haploid daughter cells (each cells contains one set of homologous chromosomes consisting of paired sister chromatids

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12
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

1 set of chromosomes in each daughter cell and do not contain homologous pairs

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13
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 sets of chromosomes in each daughter cell and contain homologous pairs

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14
Q

Does DNA replicate before Meiosis II begins?

A

No

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15
Q

What occurs during prophase II?

A

The nuclear membrane disappear and spindle fibers fan out from the two pairs of centrioles

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16
Q

What occurs during metaphase II?

A

The chromosomes in each cell line up at the equator and attach to spindle fibers from both poles

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17
Q

What occurs during anaphase II?

A

The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles (after the sister chromatids separate theyre called chromosomes)

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18
Q

What occurs during telophase II?

A

The spindle fibers disappear the nuclear membranes reform and cytokinesis occurs in both cells (creating 4)

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19
Q

What is the result of meiosis II?

A

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

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20
Q

What does meiosis begin with?

A

a diploid cell

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21
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

interphase
Prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase -> cytokinesis

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22
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells (with all the genetic information pertaining to that organism)

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23
Q

What is in the M phase (cell division) of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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24
Q

What makes up the interphase of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2

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25
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

Sister chromatids are condensed

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26
Q

Draw a sister chromatid

A

.

27
Q

Draw a chromosome

A

.

28
Q

Draw a homologous chromosome

A

.

29
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Region of DNA where sister chromatids are joined

30
Q

What is different in the results of mitosis vs meiosis?

A

Mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cells
Meiosis results in 4 haploid daughter cells

31
Q

Sister chromatids only appear after when?

A

After DNA replication in S phase

32
Q

Draw tetrad of homologous chromosomes

A

.

33
Q

When are sister chromatids separated

A

During mitosis and meiosis II

34
Q

When are homologous chromosomes separated

A

During meiosis II

35
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Can pass down either the egg parent’s or sperm parent’s versions (alleles) of each chromosome

36
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

a set of 4 sister chromatids consisting of the pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes

37
Q

What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

cell pauses to assess for mistakes and environment conditions to determine if the cycle can continue
G1 checkpoint - if passes cell continues to S phase and divides its DNA
G2 checkpoint - if passes, cell enter mitosis
M checkpoint - if passes, all sister chromatids are attached to microtubules and cell completes mitosis

38
Q

What is cell division in prokaryotes?

A

Binary fission

39
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

In S phase

40
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Protein found at the centromere that binds to the spindle microtubles

41
Q

What are homologous chromosomes NOT?

A

They are not literal copies. They code for the same genes but carry different alleles of those genes

42
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently into gametes

43
Q

Law of segregation

A

the 2 alleles for each gene separate into different gametes

44
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

all daughter cells will have an atypical chromosome number (2 will have too many and 2 will have too few)

45
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

atypical # of chromosomes in a gamete

46
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

more than 2 full sets of homologous chromosomes in a cell

47
Q

Why did Mendel study peas?

A

They had controlled mating, distinct heritable characters, and true-breeding varieties

48
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic make-up, or set of alleles, for a particular gene (e.g. “PP” for purple flowers)

49
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

a collection of characters that are observable physical and physiological features of an organism, determined by its genetic make-up

50
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous?

A

1 version of the characteristic/gene is passed down and can be either dominant or recessive alleles

51
Q

What was Mendel’s blending hypothesis?

A

Genetic material from parents blend in offspring

52
Q

What was Mendel’s particulate hypothesis?

A

Parents pass on discrete heritable units to offspring

53
Q

Whats concept 1 of inheritance?

A

Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

54
Q

What is concept 2 of inheritance?

A

An organism inherits 1 allele from each parent for each trait

55
Q

What is concept 3 of inheritance?

A

if 2 alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines appearance

56
Q

What is concept 4 of inheritance?

A

the 2 alleles segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

57
Q

P generation

A

plants were true-breeding

58
Q

What does true-breeding mean?

A

When self-pollinated plants will always produce offspring that has the exact same phenotype as the P generation parent

59
Q

F1 generation

A

crossed 2 different true-breeding plants from the P generation

60
Q

F2 generation

A

self-pollinated F1 generation plants

61
Q

what is complete dominance?

A

in hybrids, 1 trait masks the other

62
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

in hybrids, the phenotype blends the two inherited traits

63
Q

what is codominance?

A

in hybrids, all inherited traits are shown in the phenotype

64
Q

Linked genes

A

Found on the same chromosome and since they are so close together crossing over is unlikely to separate them

Biology 240 (1 decks)

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