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BIO EXAM 1 > BIO EXAM 2 > Flashcards

BIO EXAM 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clade

A

A taxonomic group composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants

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2
Q

Polarized

A

In cladistics, to determine whether character states are ancestral or derived

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3
Q

Outgroup

A

A group used to polarize characters that is distantly related to groups under study

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4
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A shared, derived character, common between an ancestor and its descendants

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5
Q

Homoplasy

A

(Like convergent evolution) development of characters that resemble each other and have same function but not a common ancestor

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6
Q

Parsimony

A

Out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest is most likely to be correct

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7
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs

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8
Q

Acquired vs derived traits

A
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9
Q

Monophyletic

A

A true clade - Most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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10
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants but not all.

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11
Q

Polyphyletic

A

The most common is not included

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12
Q

3 Domains

A
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13
Q

Endosymbiosis and Evidence

A

Mitochondria (purple non-sulfur bacteria) in animals and chloroplast (cyanobacteria) in plants

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14
Q

3 Ways Protists move

A

Cilia- hair like structures
Flagella- tail like whip
Pseudopods- “Fake feed”

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15
Q

Budding Reproduction

A

Unequal division in mitosis, small bud grows into full size adult.
Parent cell stays in tact.

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16
Q

Schizogony

A

Cell division preceded by several nuclear division

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17
Q

Binary Fission

A

A miotic division where the parent cell becomes two daughter cells- split equally

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18
Q

Multicellular Protists

A
19
Q

Hypha

A

Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

20
Q

Mycellium

A

The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae)

21
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide make up fungi cell wall

22
Q

Monokaryotic

A

A cell that contains one nucleus

23
Q

Dikaryotic

A

A cell that contains two nuclei

24
Q

Heterokaryotic

A

Condition of having two genetically different nuclei in a cytoplasm of a fungus

25
Q

Homokaryotic

A

Multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical

26
Q

Plasmogamy

A

“union of cytoplasm”
only the cytoplasm fuse together and the nuclei remain free

27
Q

Karyogamy

A

Fusion of two haploid nuclei and formation of a diploid nucleus (zygote)

28
Q

4 Types of reproductive structures

A

Motile Zoospores
Zygosporangia
Basidia
Asci

29
Q

What do spores do?

A

Allow fungi to reproduce

30
Q

Types of Symbiosis with Fungi

A

Faculatory and Obligate

31
Q

What are lichens and what do they do?

A

Mutual symbiotic relation between fungi and algae.

32
Q

Types of mycorrhizae

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae- have hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root. Do not penetrate the cell plasma membrane

Ectomycorrhiza- Hyphae that grow and surround, but do not penetrate the cell walls of the root cells

33
Q

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat in humans

A

Both are eukaryotic and close phylogenetic relationship between fungi and animals

34
Q

Why do scientists study yeast

A
35
Q

Microsporidia

A

Unicellular animal parasite
Thought to be protist- has no mitochondria

36
Q

What kind of motile spores do Chytrids produce?

A

Diploid zoospores

37
Q

Blastocladiomycetes are the only fungi to exhibit what?

A

Alteration of Generations

38
Q

Neocallimastigomyces

A

Enzymatically digest the cellulose and lignin of the plant biomass in a animal’s grassy diet

39
Q

Zygomycetes

A
40
Q

Glommeromycetes

A
41
Q

Basidiomycetes

A
42
Q

Ascomycota

A
43
Q

Sexual vs Asexual reproduction

A

Sexual - haploid to diploid
Asexual diploid to diploid

BIO EXAM 1 (2 decks)

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