Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 122 > BIO exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of speciation has populations that are separated by a physical barrier?

A

Allopatric Speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a defining characteristic of allopatric speciation?

A

Geographic isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?

White-tailed antelope squirrel & Harris antelope squirrel
Lake Victoria Cichlid
Whiptail lizards
Midas Cichlid
Cope Gray Treefrog & Gray Treefrog

A

White-tailed antelope squirrel & Harris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

A species that live in the same area

No physical barriers; new species form within the range of existing species (in direct contact)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what ways could sympatric speciation occur?

A

May occur due to competition driving segments of the population to adapt to specialized niches

May occur due to niche divergence or resource partitioning

May be driven or reinforced by sexual selection

May also occur as a result of hybridization and polyploidy

Autopolyploid: due to nondisjunction (parents are same species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of selection is involved with sympatric speciation?

A

Disruptive (divergent) selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of sympatric speciation?

A

Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua: Midas Cichlid
Lake Victoria Cichlid
Cope’s Gray Treefrog & Gray Treefrog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of speciation occurs when a new species is formed when two species hybridize?

A

Allopolyploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of speciation occurs in neighboring populations that may evolve into distinct species?

A

Parapatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the five patterns of speciation related to time?

A

anagenesis
cladogenesis
gradualism
punctuated equilibria
extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What characteristic applies to both anagenesis and cladogenesis?

A

Speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two speculations for the origins of the universe?

A

Big bang
orgin of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of these is the correct from oldest to most recent Era?
Precambrian, Cambrian, Paleolithic, Cenozoic
Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Paleolithic
Cambrian, Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
Paleozoic, Precambrian, Mesozoic, Jurassic

A

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What evidence is consistent with the Big Bang Theory?

A

Expansion of the universe

Abundances of He, 𝐷_20, Li

Cosmic microwave background radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What evidence of the early conditions on Earth, are present in the reducing atmosphere?

A

Water Vapor
H, 〖𝑁𝑂〗_𝑥, 〖𝐶𝐻〗_4, 〖𝑁𝐻〗_3, 𝐻_2S, 〖𝐶𝑂〗_2
No free 𝑂_2
No Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Put the following events in sequence:1. anaerobic prokaryotes evolve2. O2 present3. cyanobacteria evolve4. protocells or liposomes form, surrounding amino acids, RNA & other chemicals5. abiotic synthesis of macromolecules

A

5, 4, 1, 3, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following is NOT something that was found on the early earth (4.6BYA):
A. water vapor
B. CO2
C. small elements (H, N)
D. NH3
E. O2

A

E. O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are early compounds that were floating around in what condensed into pools of water and water vapor?

A

Primordial soup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are protobionts?

A

Kind of molecule to form things that sort of resemble living cells but are not actually living

Precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of early living cells?

A

Metabolism
Self-replicating molecules
Plasma membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the characteristics of self-replicating molecules: RNA?

A
  1. Heat + coenzymes + phosphate chains = single strands of RNA
  2. Ribozymes
    RNA based on catalysts: able to make short copies of themselves; a sequence of bases that can make a copy of itself
  3. NS on ribozymes
    - Copying introduces errors
    - More stable and faster copying variants would be more numerous (more efficient)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ribozymes (choose all that are correct):A. are enzymes
B. are made of single-stranded RNA
C. can self-replicate
D. can digest molecules
E. are more stable than DNA

A

A. are enzymes
B. are made of single-stranded RNA
C. can self-replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can you tell me about Plasma Membranes?

A

Synthesized abiotically: happens spontaneously using non-living organisms or non-living elements in the environment

Phospholipids: molecules that have a phosphate head that is hydrophilic and have a fatty acid tail that is hydrophobic

Amphipathic: hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Liposomes: sacs form spontaneously from phospholipids or vesicles

Protocells or protobionts: membrane sacs surrounding macromolecules (RNA/DNA) and metabolic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can you tell me about Plasma Membranes?

A

Synthesized abiotically: happens spontaneously using non-living organisms or non-living elements in the environment

Phospholipids: molecules that have a phosphate head that is hydrophilic and have a fatty acid tail that is hydrophobic

Amphipathic: hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Liposomes: sacs form spontaneously from phospholipids or vesicles

Protocells or protobionts: membrane sacs surrounding macromolecules (RNA/DNA) and metabolic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can you tell me about the first prokaryotes?

A

~3.8 BYA
Membrane-bound, self-replicating sacs of DNA and other organic molecules
Lack
No O₂; anaerobic reaction, fermentation (energy pathways)
~3.5 BYA- photosynthesis evolved in anaerobic prokaryotes
~2.5 BYA- O₂ accumulated
Cyanobacteria: transformed the atmosphere
O₂ rich atmosphere
Aerobic respiration
No further chemical origin of living cells
Ozone layer (O₃)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can you tell me about the first prokaryotes?

A

~3.8 BYA
Membrane-bound, self-replicating sacs of DNA and other organic molecules
Lack
No O₂; anaerobic reaction, fermentation (energy pathways)
~3.5 BYA- photosynthesis evolved in anaerobic prokaryotes
~2.5 BYA- O₂ accumulated
Cyanobacteria: transformed the atmosphere
O₂ rich atmosphere
Aerobic respiration
No further chemical origin of living cells
Ozone layer (O₃)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

Build up in layers that form rocks that form fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What characteristics are involved when comparing mitochondria & chloroplasts to bacteria?

A

Very similar in size and structure

Have circular DNA that is replicated independently of ‘host’ DNA

Self-replicate by similar cell division

M & C have their own ribosomes which resemble those of bacteria more than eukaryotic ribosomes

Many antibiotics that kill or inhibit bacteria inhibit M & C protein synthesis

Woese and Doolittle

Contemporary endosymbiotic relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How did Woese determine the relationships among the 3 domain lineages:

A

sequenced small subunit ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What made the evolution of eukaryotic cells possible by the origin of eukaryotic organelles?

A

Endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Endosymbiosis has resulted in…

A

The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

The evolution of eukaryotic cells

Horizontal gene transfers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A chimera in biology is…

A

an organism which has cells containing DNA from different individuals (of the same species, or of different species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Put the 3 domains in evolutionary order from the most primitive ancestral domain to the most recently evolved domain.

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

35
Q

Which of the 6 kingdoms are prokaryotes?

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

36
Q

Which of the 6 kingdoms are eukaryotes?

A

Protists, fungi, plantae, animalia

37
Q

What are fossils?

A

Mineralized proof of life (evidence of formerly living life)

38
Q

What is the geologic time scale?

A

Transition periods based on sequences of fossils in sedimentary rocks

39
Q

What are 3 examples of the geologic time scale?

A

Cenozoic (65 MYA-present; age of mammals)
Mesozoic (240-65 MYA; age of reptiles)
Paleozoic (570-240 MYA; age of invertebrates)

40
Q

What are variants of elements with differing numbers of neutrons?

A

Radioisotopes

41
Q

What is radio-isotope dating?

A

Compare the ratio of radioisotopes/stable isotopes in a sample with that of a similar living organism

42
Q

What are the other types of radiometric dating of fossils?

A

Carbon dating
Potassium-Argon dating
Uranium-lead dating

43
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of naming things

44
Q

What is the classification of organisms?

A

Hierarchical, attempts to reflect evolutionary relationships

45
Q

What is the hierarchal order of classification of organisms?

A

Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

46
Q

What are phylogenies?

A

Hypothesis: evolutionary history of relatedness of taxa

47
Q

How are phylogenies constructed?

A

Based on shared characteristics
Morphology & homologous
structures
Genetic structure
Biochemistry

48
Q

What is comparative DNA or biochemistry?

A

Similarities are greatest among most closely related species

49
Q

What is a clade?

A

A grouping of related organisms

50
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A diagram that shows clade arrangements

51
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram that shows the evolutionary history and evolutionary relatedness

52
Q

When constructing a phylogenetic tree (or cladogram), how do scientists narrowdown the possible configurations to the most likely candidates? By:

A

A. the principle of parsimony
B. the fewest evolutionary events or changes required

53
Q

What are the characteristics of cladistics or phylogenetics?

A

Uses shared homologous traits to construct diagrams

The polarity of a trait: i.e., traits that are plesiomorphic (primitive or ancestral) vs apomorphic (derived)

Clades grouped according to common ancestry
Nested

54
Q

What are shared ancestral traits?

A

Symplesiomorphy

55
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

Shared derived (recently evolved) traits due to common ancestry

56
Q

What are shared characteristics that are analogous, evolved independently 2 or more times?

A

Homoplasies

57
Q

What is paraphyletic?

A

Does not contain all descendants

58
Q

What is polyphyletic?

A

More than one ancestor

59
Q

When describing a group of animals, you speak about an ancestral species andsome but not all of its descendants. This is an example of a

A

paraphyletic group

60
Q

What is Occam’s razor?

A

The explanation that relies on the least assumptions is most likely correct

61
Q

What is a phylogram?

A

Geological time is used to determine the relative distance of the branches

62
Q

What are some general characteristics of bacteria?

A

Microorganisms are 0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in size

Prokaryotic, single cells

DNA: single circular chromosomes & small circular plasmids

Lack membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

63
Q

What are the different prokaryotes and what membranes do they have?

A

Aerobic prokaryotes – respiratory membrane

Photosynthetic prokaryotes – thylakoid membrane

64
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

Magnetic crystals

Like a compass
Helps locate low-oxygen habits

Common in anaerobic bacteria

65
Q

What helps bacteria to float?

A

Gas vesicles

66
Q

The gram stain procedure:

A

. stains gram - cells pink
stains gram + cells purple

67
Q

What can you tell me about cell wall: rigid?

A

Cell shape, physical protection, prevents lysis in a hypotonic environment

Peptidoglycan (peptides + sugars)

Some Archaeans lack cell walls, most have cell walls of proteins

68
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes?

A

Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral (spirillum, spirochetes)

69
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

Capsule (more dense, firmly attached) or slime layer (more loosely attached)
‘Mucilage’: hydrated polysaccharides and proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Capsule/slime layer helps bacteria evade destruction by host immune cells
Mucilage: holds cells together for chemical communication: quorum sensing, DNA exchange, binding nutrients, float in water, repel attach by pathogens, glue to surfaces/form biofilms

70
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Slime-enclosed communities of microorganisms

Resist attack by pathogens, resist antiseptic sanitizing cleaners (take time to penetrate), glue bacteria to surfaces

Function in quorum sensing

71
Q

What is budding?

A

‘Bud’, break off a small daughter cell

72
Q

What are the 3 bacterial genetic exchanges?

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

73
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

DNA exchanges between different species

74
Q

How does occur conjugation?

A

Via pilus or ‘mating bridge’

Cell-to-cell connect

75
Q

Which of the following involves bacteria genetic recombination?

A

Conjugation

76
Q

What is the F factor?

A

Genes that allow a cell to form pili and donate plasmids or chromosomal DNA

F+ can form pilus
F- cannot form pilus

77
Q

What is transformation?

A

Bacteria-to-bacteria transfer
Acquired genes from another bacteria

78
Q

What is transduction?

A

Bacteriophages transfer genetic material
Phages=virus
Virus that infects bacteria
Virus can also assist bacteria in picking up new genes

79
Q

Which of the following results in the bacterial acquisition of new genes?

A

Transformation

80
Q

What are R plasmids?

A

Carry antibiotic resistance genes

Frequently exchanged

Transform harmless bacteria into pathogens

81
Q

What are endospores?

A

A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions

82
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Oxidize high-energy inorganic compounds to produce energy
Recycle these nutrients in the environment
Help to make certain resources available

83
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

Decomposers; breakdown organic compounds
Carbon-based compounds
Dead stuff like animals, plants,
protists, bacteria, etc.
Examples: most pathogenic bacteria,
P. acnes, plant symbionts: fixed N

84
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Cyanobacteria
Use sunlight to create energy
Photosynthesis

85
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Need light and organic molecules

86
Q

Aerobic vs Anaerobic metabolism

A

Obligate aerobes: Bacteria that have-to-have oxygen (or they die)
Anaerobes: May or may not tolerate oxygen
Facultative anaerobes : Can do fermentation or aerobic respiration
Depends on if oxygen is available

bio 122 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions