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Biology 1009 > BIO Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Breaks down sugars into energy

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2
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Creates something from broken down products

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division resulting in 4 non-identical haploid cells or gametes

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4
Q

The cell cycle rotates between Meiosis and …

A

Interphase

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5
Q

Interphase

A

G1 - cell grows the most
S phase - replication occurs and sister chromatids are formed
G2

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6
Q

Meiosis 1

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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7
Q

Meiosis: Prophase 1

A

Sister chromatids and homologous pairs come together to form a tetrad
Crossover Occurs

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8
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase 1

A

The homologous pairs can line up on the metaphase plate
Independent Assortment Occurs

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9
Q

Independent Assortment

A
  • The ability for homologous pairs to line up on the metaphase plate independently from one another
  • Alleles can enter the gametes independently from one another as long as they are on different chromosomes
  • causes variation in gametes
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10
Q

Meiosis: Anaphase 1

A
  • The homologous pairs seperate
  • The cell now goes from diploid and are now haploid
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11
Q

Meiosis: Telophase 1

A

Cytokinesis occurs

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12
Q

Meiosis: Prophase 2

A

The genetic material condenses again and it gets rid of the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase 2

A

The sister chromatids seperate and go towards the poles

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14
Q

Meiosis: Telophase 2

A
  • Cytokinesis occurs
  • 4 nonidentical haploid cells are made
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15
Q

Blended Inheritance

A
  • Inheritance occurs from one parent or the other
  • Variety would be lost over time
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16
Q

Mendel

A

Found that you can inherit one trait from both parents

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17
Q

Heterozygote

A

A zygote with two different alleles of the same gene

18
Q

Homozygote

A

A zygote with two identical alleles of the same gene

19
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance or expression of trait

20
Q

Genotype

A

Letters that represent the traits

21
Q

Dihybrid Cross - Unlinked

A

Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1
- Cross of two independent traits
- Occurs due to independent assortment

22
Q

Dihybrid Cross - Linked

A

Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
- Cross of two linked traits
- Shows they are not independently assorted

23
Q

Polyhybrid

A
  • Cross of three or more traits
  • Can be solved by multiplication and addition rule only if unlinked
24
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles are dominant both alleles are expressed
- If RR and WW are crossed there will be a 100% probability of RW
- Ex: patchy colored fur

25
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When you get an intermediate phenotype
- The genotype of the original parents remains discrete and can be expressed in later crosses
- Ex: white flower and red flower create pink flower

26
Q

Sex-linked Inheritance

A

Traits that are linked to sex

27
Q

Human Blood Types

A
  • AA or Ai = A
  • BB or Bi = B
    AB = AB
    ii = O
28
Q

Epistasis

A

When one gene is going to affect the expression of another gene
- Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:4
- brown fur gene and a pigment gene

29
Q

Effect of environment o phenotype

A

When the environment affects phenotypic expression
- Ex: hydrangea flowers, sickle cell

30
Q

Pedigree Analysis

A

The analysis of a family tree to understand the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring

31
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal Chromosome Numbers

32
Q

How do abnormal chromosome numbers occur?

A
  • The homologous pairs are both pulled to one side or fail to separate in meiosis I
  • The sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II
  • Results in some gametes having more chromosomes and some having too few
33
Q

Down Syndrom

A

Caused by the gamete having two extra chromosomes 21
- Results in three chromosomes 21

34
Q

Patau’s Syndrom

A

Caused by having extra chromosome 13

35
Q

Autopolyploid

A

The cells don’t divide properly
- Results in extra sets of chromosomes

36
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Two species with a different number of chromosomes mate and their offspring will have a different number of chromosomes than the parent
- offspring can only mate with others of the same cross, but not with the parent species

37
Q

Duplication

A

Added pieces of genetic material

38
Q

Inversion

A

Change in order of the nucleotides

39
Q

Translocation

A

A piece of genetic material goes onto another chromosome

40
Q

Deletion

A

Removal or loss of genetic material

Biology 1009 (1 decks)

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