Bio exam Flashcards
Independent variable
a variable that is not affected by any other variables
Scientific method
a series of steps we use to investigate something
Dependent variable
a variable that depends on another variable
Control variable
something that plays a role in the experiment
Control group
the part of an experiment that does not get the independent variable
Metric System
a system used for measuring distance, volume, length, and temperature
Metric prefixes
unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit
Kilo
1,000
Hecto
100
Deca
10
Deci
0.1
Centi
0.01
Milli
0.001
Gram
mass
Liter
volume
meter
distance
Second
time
Biology
the study of living organisms
Homeostasis
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
Metabolism
the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
Proton
a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge
Neutron
a subatomic particle with a neutral charge that helps make up an atom
Electron
subatomic particle with a negative charge
Atom/Element
basic building block of chemistry. a substance that cannot be broken down anymore.
Molecule
a group of atoms
cell
the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.
tissue
group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
organ
a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit
organ system
a group of organs
Organism/Individual
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
population
the whole number of people or inhabitants in an area
community
a group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society
Ecosystem
a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific
environment
the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded
Biome
an area classified according to the species that live in that location.
Biosphere
the part of the earth where living things exist
Carbon
Covalent Bond
between nonmetals and sharing through electrons strongest bonds
Water
a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
Adhesion
the attraction between the molecules of two different substances
Cohesion
the attraction between the molecules or atoms of the same substance
Capillary Action
when liquid flows through narrow spaces without external forces, such as gravity
Surface Tension
The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
Polar Molecule
a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative
Organic Compound
any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more
Ionic Bond
non metals and metals through the transfer of electrons
Hydrogen Bond
between molecules of wter
pH
measure of how acidic/basic water is
Acid
a chemical substance, usually a liquid, which contains hydrogen and can react with other substances to form salts
Base
a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions
CHNOPS
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Monomer
a simple molecule with two or more binding sites through which it forms covalent linkages with other monomer molecules to form the macromolecule
Polymer
any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers
Isomer
molecules with the same chemical formula but have different structures
Monosaccharide
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Disaccharide
A disaccharide is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage
Sucrose
the chemical name for sugar
Polysaccharide
a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
Starch
a natural polymer, or polysaccharide,
what is water
is it the universal solvent and poler
Glycogen
the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules
Amino Acid
an organic chemical
Carboxyl Group
combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (single-bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O) groups.
R Group
way of representing a class of organic compounds
Monopeptide
alanine, and glycine
Enzyme
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic “head” containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue.
Nucleotide
the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
DNA
Cell Theory
a general statement in biology that all living things consist of cells each of which has come from a previously existing cell
Eukaryotic
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
Prokaryotic
of, relating to, or being a typically unicellular organism (as of the domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Cell Membrane
separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
Cell Wall
the non-living component, covering the outmost layer of a cell
RER(rough endoplasmic reticulum)
a cellular organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels
SER(smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
tube-like structure located near the cell periphery
Ribosome
the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins
Central Vacuole
large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that act as a storage space for water and other molecules in the cell
Lysosome
a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia are short, hair-like cell organelle extending from the surface of a living cell. Flagella are long, threadlike cell organelle present on the surface of a living cell
Polar head
The polar section of a phospholipid is the part with the phosphate group.
Non-polar tail
hydrophobic and are positioned facing the inside, away from the water.
Channel protein
a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane
