Bio exam 1 Flashcards
How do you know something is living? Name the characteristics of life.
reproduction, growth and development, response to stimuli.
what is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
A hypothesis is an educated guess about why something happens, while a prediction is a specific outcome you expect to happen if the hypothesis is correct.
what is hemostasis, use an example to explain meaning
the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment, or equilibrium, in response to external changes.
For example, if you cut your finger, your body starts hemostasis by making blood vessels constrict, forming a clot, and activating platelets to seal the wound so bleeding stops.
what are feedback loops? give 2 examples to explain the 2 types of feedback loops.
Positive feedback: It amplifies the change.
Example: During childbirth, contractions get stronger as the baby moves down, speeding up the process.
Negative feedback: It reduces or controls the change.
Example: If you get too hot, your body sweats to cool down.
How could someone get the bird flu and what are the symptoms
You can get bird flu by touching infected birds, their droppings, or eating undercooked poultry, and symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and trouble breathing.
What makes the Domain Eukarya unique from the other 2 domains of living things?
The Domain Eukarya is unique because its organisms have eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, unlike the organisms in the other two domains, Bacteria and Archaea, which have simpler prokaryotic cells without a nucleus.
What domain do humans belong to and why.
Humans belong to the Domain Eukarya because we have eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
What kingdom are we in?
Humans belong to the Kingdom Animalia because we are multicellular, do not photosynthesize, and have the ability to move and respond to stimuli.
What is the genus and species of humans?
The genus and species of humans are Homo sapiens.
Water- what are the characteristics of water that make it so important to life?
Water is essential for life because it has unique properties like polarity, cohesion, high heat capacity, being a universal solvent, and the ability to float as ice, all of which support biological processes.
What is it about water that gives it most of these unique properties
Water’s polarity, this creates hydrogen bonds between molecules
What about the carbon molecule that makes it an ideal molecule for all life forms?
Carbon is ideal for life because it can form four stable bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create a wide variety of complex and diverse molecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Monomer of Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins: Amino acids
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (e.g., adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
Polymers of Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Lipids: Triglycerides (formed by glycerol and three fatty acids)
Proteins: Polypeptides (chains of amino acids)
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA (polymers of nucleotides)
Functions of Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates: Provide quick energy and serve as structural components in cells (e.g., cellulose in plants).
Lipids: Store long-term energy, form cell membranes, and act as insulation and hormones.
Proteins: Perform a wide range of functions, including acting as enzymes, structural components, hormones, and antibodies.
Nucleic acids: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA) and play a role in protein synthesis (RNA).
Sources of Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates: Sources: Bread, pasta, rice, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
Lipids: Sources: Fats (butter, oils), nuts, seeds, avocados, and fatty fish.
Proteins: Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts, and legumes.
Nucleic acids: Sources: All foods contain nucleic acids, but especially meat, fish, eggs, and vegetables.
What molecule is non polar or hydrophobic and why
Lipids (such as fats and oils) are non-polar or hydrophobic because their molecules have long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) that do not interact well with water, which is polar. This lack of charge or polarity prevents them from dissolving in water.
Why is water such a good solvent?
Water is a good solvent because it is polar, meaning it has a positive charge on one end (hydrogen) and a negative charge on the other end (oxygen). This polarity allows water to dissolve many substances by surrounding and breaking apart their molecules or ions
Explain dehydration synthesis
This is a process where two molecules are joined together by removing a water molecule. It’s how larger molecules like polymers are formed from smaller units (monomers). For example, when two amino acids join to form a protein, a water molecule is released.
Explain hydrolysis
This is the opposite of dehydration synthesis. It involves breaking down a larger molecule into smaller ones by adding a water molecule. For example, when a protein is broken into individual amino acids, water is used to break the bond between them
Atoms of Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Lipids: Mainly made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), with some lipids also containing phosphorus (P) (like phospholipids).
Proteins: Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), and often contain sulfur (S) in some amino acids.
Nucleic acids: Made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P).
