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bio exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

most to least weight in scientific inquiry?

A

1). Theory, 2).Test, 3). Hypothesis 4). Fact

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2
Q

what is a theory?

A

hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not demonstrated to be false

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3
Q

what is a test?

A

to demonstrate that a hypothesis is false

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4
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

explanation of the fact

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5
Q

what is a fact?

A

observation about the world and can be confirmed by anyone

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6
Q

what is falsification?

A

experiments or additional observations to to search for errors

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7
Q

what is a prediction?

A

a claim about what will happen in the future

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8
Q

What does a prediction include?

A

If Then statement

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9
Q

what do living organisms do and explain them

A

feeding: acquire carbon and convert to energy
metabolism: growth and maintenance reproduction: in populations evolve and have offspring

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10
Q

what is the structural hierarchy?

A

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom

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11
Q

How are species defined and identified?

A

Taxonomy, nomenclature, phylogenetics

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12
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the practice of naming organisms

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13
Q

what is nomenclature?

A

rules for naming groups of organisms

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14
Q

what is phylogenetics?

A

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

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15
Q

What are the rules for naming organisms?

A

1). Capitalize genus name, and lowercase species part
ex. Homo sapiens (should be in italics or underlined)
2). Italicize genus and species names
3). Underline if you are hand writing genus species

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16
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of potentially interbreeding organisms that produce viable offspring?

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17
Q

What is viable offspring?

A

Offspring that is capable of living, developing and reproducing; potential for sex

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18
Q

4 things that are not species (break the rules)

A

1). Asexual clones: bacteria that clone and make copies of themselves (strings)
2). Sterile individuals, hybrids (cannot produce viable offspring)
3).Different time/space (could produce, but are in different places so don’t get the chance too
4). Dinosaurs/fossils

19
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Group of potentially interbreeding organisms that produce viable offspring- working definition of species

20
Q

what does reproductively isolated mean?

A

organisms that are evolutionarily independent

21
Q

what does pre-zygotic mean?

A

unsuccessful mating, cannot make a zygote and do not interbreed due to barriers. Egg and zygote never get together

22
Q

what does post zygotic mean?

A

failure to produce fertile/viable offspring (zygote didn’t do well)

23
Q

What is a zygote:

A

A fertilized egg

24
Q

What is a unpaired chromosome called?

A

haploid

25
Q

what is a paired chromosome called?

A

diploid

26
Q

Pre-zygotic examples (5)

A

A). Spatial: breeding in different habitats. Can breed, but don’t live near each other (Lion & Tiger) produce a sterile hybrid
B). Temporal: breeding in different times (different mating seasons)
C). Behavioral: courtship displays, (female rifle bird turning down males dance moves)
D). Gametic: egg and sperm are not compatible. Attempt, but didn’t work
E). Mechanical: incompatible reproductive structure (ex. Big and little dog)

27
Q

Post zygotic examples (2)

A

1).Hybrid unviability: doesn’t survive to adulthood.
2). Hybrid sterility: Makes it to adulthood, but can’t reproduce

28
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

Group of organisms that are physically/anatomically similar. Based on characteristics/traits (genes)

29
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

smallest cluster or organisms that share a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. groups of organisms that are evolutionarily similar

30
Q

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the biological species concept? (BSC)

A

When it is an asexual clone, sterile, different time/space, fossils

31
Q

when is it BEST to use the biological species concept? (BSC)

A

If you can prove reproductive isolation, you know A & B are different species.

32
Q

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the Morphological species concept? (MSC)

A

When species that look different/ have multiple phases but are the same species (ex. Butterful and cacoons)
OR species that look the exact same but are different species

33
Q

When is it BEST to use morphological species concept? (MSC)

A

when you only have remains of something extinct

34
Q

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the phylogenetic species concept? (PSC)

A

You need tissue, and appropriate expensive equipment to extract DNA to create phylogenies. Need lots of data to compare

35
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A description of evolutionary history of relationships between ancestors and descendants

36
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree?

A

represents a reconstruction of relative history. best way to investigate evolutionary history and common ancestry.

37
Q

What do the branches on phylogenic trees represent?

A

Separate lineages. A branch can represent a species or group of species descended from a common ancestor

38
Q

what do the nodes represent on phylogenetic trees?

A

represent common ancestors.

39
Q

what is a monophyletic group

A

A Clade ! - a natural group (lineage) that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

40
Q

what is a synapomorphy?

A

a unique, shared, derived trait. That evolves only once in a common ancestor. It is inherited by all descendants of that common ancestor.

41
Q

True or False: A test is used to prove that your hypothesis is right

A

FALSE: a test is used to prove that your hypothesis is false!

42
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

a term used to describe a condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different outward/ physical appearances

43
Q

what is the primary focus of the morphological species concept?

A

Physical appearance (size, shape, structure)

bio exam (1 decks)

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