bio exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

an organized set pf couplets (two statements) that consist of mutually exclusive characteristics

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2
Q

2 types of dichotomous keys

A

bracketed and indented

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3
Q

reading a phylogenetic tree

A

Root: the common ancestor of all taxa
Node: represents a taxonomic unit or a branching point
Branch: defines the relationship between the taxa and changes in traits over time
Outgroup: a taxon that shares ancestral traits with the rest of the group, but is distinct
Polygamy: a node with more than two branches, often occurs when differences are not known

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4
Q

monophyletic group (clade)

A

group of organisms descended from a common ancestor

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5
Q

polyphyletic group

A

group of organisms descended from different common ancestors

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6
Q

paraphyletic group

A

group of organisms descended from a common ancestor but does not include all descendants or the common ancestor

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7
Q

homologous/synapomorphies

A

traits that are shared between organisms and are derived from a common ancestor

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8
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

traits that are shared between all organisms in a given phylogenetic tree

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9
Q

traits shared by all organisms

A

RNA, DNA, proteins, cell membranes

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10
Q

evolution

A

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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11
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that (1) occur in the same area and (2) interbreed or share a common gene pool

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12
Q

gene pool

A

genes available in a population

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13
Q

genes

A

sequences of DNA or RNA that code for a molecule

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14
Q

alleles

A

genes that are responsible for variability
dominant (P) recessive (p)

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15
Q

genotype

A

a genetic constitution for a specific organism

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16
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristic in an organisms due to genotype (eye color)

17
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

18
Q

homozygous

A

having the same allele on both chromosomes
RR (dominant) rr (recessive)

19
Q

heterozygous

A

having different alleles on either chromosomes
Rr (always codes for the dominant trait)

20
Q

Allelic Frequency

A

p + q = 1

21
Q

Genotypic Frequency

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1

22
Q

prokaryotes

A

simple, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

23
Q

Gram-negative

A

plasma membrane surrounded by thin peptidoglycan-poor cell wall and stain pink

24
Q

gram-postive

A

plasma membrane surrounded by peptidoglycan-rich cell wall and stain purple

25
Q

total magnification of compound microscope

A

40x (10 x 4) to 1000x ( 10 x 100)

26
Q

species

A

evolutionary independent monophyletic group for a given period of time

27
Q

diversity

A

number of different populations within an area of a researcher’s interest

28
Q

species diversity

A

number of species and evenness of their abundances in a community

29
Q

species richness (S)
Hmax: maximum possible H

A

Hmax= In(S)
S= total number of different species

30
Q

species evenness (J)
H’ and Max are found, calculate evenness

A

J=H’/Hmax

31
Q

Shannon index (H’) : combines S and J

A

H ́ = -Σ (pi ln pi)^s

32
Q

binary fission

A

clonal reproduction-daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell

33
Q

transformation

A

some bacterial species can take up pieces of DNA from the environment

34
Q

conjugation

A

donor cell transfers DNA to recipient cell

35
Q

transduction

A

transfer of DNA between cell via bacteriophage

36
Q

infectious spread of a plasmid

A

plasmid may spread throughout the population