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Bio > Bio Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1 and 2

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Know the 7 Characteristics of Life

A

Organized, Aquire energy, reproduce, respond, homeostatic, growth, and adapt

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2
Q

What is the proper order of the scientific method, or process of science?

A

Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Experiment
Interpreting results
Conclusions

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

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5
Q

What is the definition of an autotroph vs heterotroph?

A

Autotrophs are producers who prepare their food. Heterotrophs are consumers who depend on other sources for their food.

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6
Q

What is the definition of prokaryote vs eukaryote?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell’s genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead.

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7
Q

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

A

Unicellular fungus
Converts sugars and starches into alcohol and carbon dioxide during the fermentation process

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8
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Opportunistic fungal pathogen
Responsible for infections like thrush and vaginal yeast infections if it is off-balance with healthy bacteria in your body

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9
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya

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10
Q

The entire system of classification in order and what it is

A

Ways of grouping and organizing data so that they may be compared with other data
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (plural, phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus (plural, genera)
Species

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11
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Most single-celled
Ex. Amoebas, dinoflagellates- red tide and slime molds
30,000 species

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12
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Sex
Domain Eukarya- Cells with nuclei
Kingdon Animalia- Multicellular, ingestion of food
Phylum Chordata- Dorsa; nerve cord
Class Mammalia- Hair
Order Primates- Adapted to climb trees
Family Hominidae- Adapted to walk erect
Genus Homo- Large brain, tool use
Species Homo Sapiens- Body proportions of modern humans

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13
Q

Who was the father of evolution and what is it?

A

Charles Darwin
Genetic change in species or populations over time

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14
Q

Structure of DNA and what its important functions are

A

A double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs
Genetic, structural, and immunological functions

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15
Q

What are the 6 elements that make up more than 99% of all life?

A

NCHOPS
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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16
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest unit of matter to enter into chemical reactions.
Contain protons+, neutrons=, and electrons-
The atomic number is protons
The atomic weight is the number of protons plus the number of electrons

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17
Q

pH Scale

A

Moles/liter
1 x 10 -6 [H+] = pH 6
The PH scale is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

18
Q

Acid

A

Acids are molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution.
HCl –> H+ + Cl-

19
Q

Bases

A

Bases are molecules that either take up hydrogen ions or give off hydroxide ions in solution.
NaOH –> Na+ + OH-

20
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Attract
Ions with opposite charges (- or +) are attracted to each other and form an ionic bond.
Atoms give up or accept electrons, resulting in ions.
Cation +
Anion -

21
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Share
Atoms share electrons, resulting in covalent bonds.

22
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds form when a covalently bonded H+ is attracted to a (-) charged atom in a neighboring molecule.

23
Q

Molecule

A

When atoms bond with other same atoms, molecules are formed

24
Q

Compound

A

When atoms of different elements bond, a compound is formed

25
Q

Function Groups

A

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

26
Q

Hydrocarbon Chain

A

An organic molecule consisting of nothing else but carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain
Only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms

27
Q

What two elements compose all organic molecules?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen

28
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

They have no double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
“Saturated” because the chain can not hold any more hydrogen atoms.
Solid nature at room temp. (lard, butter)

29
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Have double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Liquid nature at room temp. (oils)
Hydrogenation converts the liquid to a solid form like margarine or Crisco.

30
Q

Amino Acids form…

A

Proteins (hemoglobin)

31
Q

Monosaccharides make…

A

Carbs (starch)

32
Q

Nucleotides make…

A

Nucleic acid (DNA)

33
Q

Fatty acids make…

A

lipids (fats and oils)

34
Q

What makes a protein different from a polypeptide?

A

A protein contains one or more polypeptides.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids

35
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate

36
Q

What specific type of bond holds together Amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

37
Q

What are the carbohydrates (glycogen, starch, and cellulose) in terms of their function, and what type of organisms make them?

A

Starch: It is the main storage carbohydrate in plants
Cellulose: It is the main component of the plant cell wall
Glycogen: It is the main storage carbohydrate in animals and fungi

38
Q

What do the terms biotic and abiotic mean regarding an ecosystem?

A

What makes up ecosystems
Biotic is living
Abiotic is nonliving

39
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Classifies a living thing in DKPCOFGS

40
Q

What is the molecule ATP?

A

The energy currency of cells

41
Q

Species

A

A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

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