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bio exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

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2
Q

the cell theory

A

all living things are made of cells

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3
Q

organelles

A

subunit within a cell that performs a particular function

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms outer boundary of a cell and has a semi permeable barrier. it helps communicate with the outside environment.

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5
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by a double membrane and contains DNA. only in eukaryotic cells. nucleolus build ribosomes and mRNA is built in nucleus.

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

made up of RNA and protein. it is a cellular machine that builds proteins

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

it has a lot of folds and is the PowerHouse of the cell. it converts glucose into ATP.

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8
Q

lysosome

A

small package of digestive enzymes. it breaks down worn out organelles.

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9
Q

vacuoles and vesicles

A

they are membrane-bound and used for long and short-term storage. they store water, enzymes, hormones and food particles

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds of membranes attached to nucleus. rough ER helps finish building and transporting proteins. smooth ER helps with lipid synthesis and detoxification smooth ER has no ribosomes.

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

flattened membrane sacs. it processes and modifies proteins and lipids from the ER

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12
Q

centrioles

A

tube like fibers. they move and guide DNA around when cells divide.

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13
Q

cytoskeleton

A

series of long tubes and fibers. they hold organelles in place like the foundation of a house.

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14
Q

chloroplast

A

has a double membrane and builds glucose from carbon dioxide and water. plants only

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15
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water and dissolve nutrients in a plant.

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16
Q

cell wall

A

has an outside plasma membrane. provide support and protection for the plant. it is made of cellulose.

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17
Q

single-celled organisms

A

has one cell to do all life functions

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18
Q

multicellular organisms

A

different cells that specialize for different life functions

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19
Q

stem cells

A

cells that can become any kind of specialized cell

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20
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts come from prokaryotic cells engulfed by a larger cell

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21
Q

how many described organisms are on the planet

A

2 million

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22
Q

how many different kinds of organisms are there in total on the planet

A

10 million to 100 million

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23
Q

biodiversity

A

all of the variety of all species on the planet

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24
Q

taxonomy

A

classification by evolutionary relationships

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25
three domains
domain eubacteria (regular bacteria) , domain archaea (extreme bacteria) , domain eukarya (living things made of cells with a nucleus).
26
four kingdoms and domain eukarya
protista, animalia, plantae and fungi
27
how do we define life
can reproduce, reacts to stimuli, breaths and uses oxygen, eats and uses energy, moves, grows and changes over time, produces waste, evolves, needs and uses water, complex structure, homeostasis
28
chemical equilibrium
no chemical reactions
29
what are emergent properties
characteristics that occur only when the parts are put together in a particular way. for example human body, photosynthesis or lobes of the brain
30
reductionism
understanding complex systems by breaking them into their parts and understanding how each part works
31
systems biology
building models to learn how each part of a system functions together
32
objective data
data that is measurable
33
subjective data
data that is influenced by opinion
34
steps of the scientific method
make an observation, create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze results. if it matches retest under new conditions if it doesn't match revised hypothesis. then peer review and publish
35
why is peer review important
it makes science self-correcting and you don't repeat work unnecessarily.
36
scientific meaning of theory
theory is best testable explanation; has lots of data for support
37
definition of theory
a scientifically accepted principle that is supported by a large body of evidence
38
cellular respiration equation
glucose + oxygen=ATP + carbon dioxide + water =products
39
two things needed for life to exist
matter and energy
40
forms of energy
light, heat, chemical and nuclear
41
kinetic energy
energy of motion
42
goal of science
to better explain and understand the natural world
43
use of science
to help solve problems
44
descriptive studies
to record data about variables in existing natural systems and look for relationships among variables. use correlation.
45
experimental studies
manipulate existing systems so that all variables are constant except one. determine effect of that one variable. use cause and effect.
46
potential energy
stored energy
47
most basic building block of matter
Atom
48
elements
group of atoms with the same chemical characteristics
49
periodic table of elements
summary of the chemical characteristics of known elements
50
atomic number
number of protons; unique to each element
51
atomic weight
number of protons + number of neutrons
52
isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
53
most important elements for life
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
54
molecule
two or more atoms bonded together
55
what does it mean when water is polar
it has a positive side and a negative side
56
how does water support life
it is less dense as a solid, it creates surface tension, it is a good solvent.
57
macromolecule
very large molecule
58
monomers
made of smaller repeating units
59
four biomolecules essential for life
carbohydrates (10%) nucleic acids (25%) proteins (60%) lipids (5%)
60
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
61
fiber
complex carbs that we can't digest
62
whole food
has all or most of the above parts
63
processed food
as foods are refined they lose vitamins minerals and fiber
64
essential fatty acids
needed to build true fats but can't build on our own
65
diffusion
the movement of molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
66
facilitated diffusion
diffusion through an embedded protein
67
active transport
moving molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of high concentration
68
osmosis
the diffusion of water in the presence of semi-permeable membrane
69
exocytosis and endocytosis
how cells move very large molecules in and out of the cell
70
signal transduction
when molecules outside the cell trigger a response inside of the cell
71
enzymes
proteins that speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed
72
why are enzymes important
allow cells to control chemical reactions
73
denaturation
changing shape such that an enzyme can no longer function
74
what causes denaturation
extreme ph's and high temperatures
75
ATP
supplies energy for all cellular chemical reactions
76
metabolic rate
sum of all the chemical reactions in your body
77
steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
78
glycolysis
breaks one glucose molecule into two smaller molecules (pyruvate)
79
krebs cycle
cycle of reactions that creates more hydrogen and electron carriers. (NADH and FADH)
80
oxidative phosphorylation
adds a phosphate group to something.
81
fermentation
making ATP with no oxygen present.

exam 1 (1 decks)

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