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exam 1 > bio exam 1 > Flashcards

bio exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

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2
Q

the cell theory

A

all living things are made of cells

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3
Q

organelles

A

subunit within a cell that performs a particular function

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms outer boundary of a cell and has a semi permeable barrier. it helps communicate with the outside environment.

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5
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by a double membrane and contains DNA. only in eukaryotic cells. nucleolus build ribosomes and mRNA is built in nucleus.

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

made up of RNA and protein. it is a cellular machine that builds proteins

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

it has a lot of folds and is the PowerHouse of the cell. it converts glucose into ATP.

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8
Q

lysosome

A

small package of digestive enzymes. it breaks down worn out organelles.

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9
Q

vacuoles and vesicles

A

they are membrane-bound and used for long and short-term storage. they store water, enzymes, hormones and food particles

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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds of membranes attached to nucleus. rough ER helps finish building and transporting proteins. smooth ER helps with lipid synthesis and detoxification smooth ER has no ribosomes.

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

flattened membrane sacs. it processes and modifies proteins and lipids from the ER

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12
Q

centrioles

A

tube like fibers. they move and guide DNA around when cells divide.

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13
Q

cytoskeleton

A

series of long tubes and fibers. they hold organelles in place like the foundation of a house.

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14
Q

chloroplast

A

has a double membrane and builds glucose from carbon dioxide and water. plants only

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15
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water and dissolve nutrients in a plant.

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16
Q

cell wall

A

has an outside plasma membrane. provide support and protection for the plant. it is made of cellulose.

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17
Q

single-celled organisms

A

has one cell to do all life functions

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18
Q

multicellular organisms

A

different cells that specialize for different life functions

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19
Q

stem cells

A

cells that can become any kind of specialized cell

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20
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts come from prokaryotic cells engulfed by a larger cell

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21
Q

how many described organisms are on the planet

A

2 million

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22
Q

how many different kinds of organisms are there in total on the planet

A

10 million to 100 million

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23
Q

biodiversity

A

all of the variety of all species on the planet

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24
Q

taxonomy

A

classification by evolutionary relationships

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25
Q

three domains

A

domain eubacteria (regular bacteria) , domain archaea (extreme bacteria) , domain eukarya (living things made of cells with a nucleus).

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26
Q

four kingdoms and domain eukarya

A

protista, animalia, plantae and fungi

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27
Q

how do we define life

A

can reproduce, reacts to stimuli, breaths and uses oxygen, eats and uses energy, moves, grows and changes over time, produces waste, evolves, needs and uses water, complex structure, homeostasis

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28
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

no chemical reactions

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29
Q

what are emergent properties

A

characteristics that occur only when the parts are put together in a particular way. for example human body, photosynthesis or lobes of the brain

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30
Q

reductionism

A

understanding complex systems by breaking them into their parts and understanding how each part works

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31
Q

systems biology

A

building models to learn how each part of a system functions together

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32
Q

objective data

A

data that is measurable

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33
Q

subjective data

A

data that is influenced by opinion

34
Q

steps of the scientific method

A

make an observation, create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze results. if it matches retest under new conditions if it doesn’t match revised hypothesis. then peer review and publish

35
Q

why is peer review important

A

it makes science self-correcting and you don’t repeat work unnecessarily.

36
Q

scientific meaning of theory

A

theory is best testable explanation; has lots of data for support

37
Q

definition of theory

A

a scientifically accepted principle that is supported by a large body of evidence

38
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen=ATP + carbon dioxide + water =products

39
Q

two things needed for life to exist

A

matter and energy

40
Q

forms of energy

A

light, heat, chemical and nuclear

41
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

42
Q

goal of science

A

to better explain and understand the natural world

43
Q

use of science

A

to help solve problems

44
Q

descriptive studies

A

to record data about variables in existing natural systems and look for relationships among variables. use correlation.

45
Q

experimental studies

A

manipulate existing systems so that all variables are constant except one. determine effect of that one variable. use cause and effect.

46
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

47
Q

most basic building block of matter

A

Atom

48
Q

elements

A

group of atoms with the same chemical characteristics

49
Q

periodic table of elements

A

summary of the chemical characteristics of known elements

50
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; unique to each element

51
Q

atomic weight

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

52
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

53
Q

most important elements for life

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

54
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms bonded together

55
Q

what does it mean when water is polar

A

it has a positive side and a negative side

56
Q

how does water support life

A

it is less dense as a solid, it creates surface tension, it is a good solvent.

57
Q

macromolecule

A

very large molecule

58
Q

monomers

A

made of smaller repeating units

59
Q

four biomolecules essential for life

A

carbohydrates (10%)
nucleic acids (25%)
proteins (60%)
lipids (5%)

60
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

61
Q

fiber

A

complex carbs that we can’t digest

62
Q

whole food

A

has all or most of the above parts

63
Q

processed food

A

as foods are refined they lose vitamins minerals and fiber

64
Q

essential fatty acids

A

needed to build true fats but can’t build on our own

65
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

66
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion through an embedded protein

67
Q

active transport

A

moving molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of high concentration

68
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water in the presence of semi-permeable membrane

69
Q

exocytosis and endocytosis

A

how cells move very large molecules in and out of the cell

70
Q

signal transduction

A

when molecules outside the cell trigger a response inside of the cell

71
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed

72
Q

why are enzymes important

A

allow cells to control chemical reactions

73
Q

denaturation

A

changing shape such that an enzyme can no longer function

74
Q

what causes denaturation

A

extreme ph’s and high temperatures

75
Q

ATP

A

supplies energy for all cellular chemical reactions

76
Q

metabolic rate

A

sum of all the chemical reactions in your body

77
Q

steps of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

78
Q

glycolysis

A

breaks one glucose molecule into two smaller molecules (pyruvate)

79
Q

krebs cycle

A

cycle of reactions that creates more hydrogen and electron carriers. (NADH and FADH)

80
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

adds a phosphate group to something.

81
Q

fermentation

A

making ATP with no oxygen present.

exam 1 (1 decks)

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