Bio Exam #1 Flashcards
Living thing characteristics?
Order
Adaption
Environmental response
Regulation
Energy Processing
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Hierarchy of Life?
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Taxonomy?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Griffith Experiment
He tested different bacteria on rats. S bacteria was the lethal and R was the non-lethal. He combined heat-killed smooth with R bacteria and gave the rat it and it killed it. The R bacteria transformed into S and killed the rat (transformation principle) The DNA proved to be the genetic material because the bacteria transformed.
Hershey and Chase Experiment
Had 2 viruses: one of them was protein-based and the other was DNA-based. They were injected into bacteria. After being mixed, the bacteria in the DNA one was still radioactive while the protein one wasn’t. This proved DNA is what stores the information to make more viruses.
Draw a DNA double helix
See notes
Explain difference between mechanisms of DNA replication
Conservative, semi-conservative, dispersive
Draw DNA replication
see notes
How many bonds do A-T have. How many do G-C have? What types of bonds are where.
A-T have 2
G-C have 3
Hydrogen Bonds connected bases
Covalent bonds connect the backbone
Start codon?
AUG- Met
What does RNA polymerase do?
Makes mRNA, functions like helicase, and elongates
How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA- double-strand, not catalytic (non-reactive), C-G, A-T, Deoxyribose, has H on 2’
RNA- single strand, catalytic (reactive), C-G, A-U, Ribose, has OH on 2’
Types of RNA
mRNA- messenger
rRNA- in ribosome and turns mRNA into proteins
tRNA- binds the mRNA codon with the amino acid
Exons v.s Introns
Exons are the parts of the mRNA that are included and used to make proteins
Introns are cut out of the mRNA by endonuclease and not expressed
Steps of translation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Parts of cell cycle?
G1- Growth
S- DNA replication and synthesis
G2- Growth
Mitosis- cell division
Draw Mitosis
See notes
What are checkpoint proteins?
They are proteins between each phase of the cell cycle that check and ensure everything is controlled and done correctly. If the proteins aren’t functioning correctly the cell will continue to divide in the form of cancer. If a cell is incorrect when it reaches a checkpoint protein, it will kill the cell.
What are the characteristics of cancer cells?
Immortal, invasive, and can metastasize or move to new locations in the body
Draw Meiosis
See Notes
What are Haploids and Diploids?
Diploids are when there are 2 chromosomes attached, one from mom and one from dad. Haploids are when there are half of the original amount. Diploids are during meiosis 1 and haploid are during meiosis 2.
