Bio Evolution Grade 11 Flashcards
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- Theory of Evolution: What were Darwin’s three observations about Evolution?
Darwin’s Observations:
1. Life is suited for its environment
2. Unity of life
3. Diversity of life
- Theory of Evolution: What is Evolution?
The idea that all species are descendant of ancient species that were different.
- Theory of Evolution: Why was the theory of evolution controversial?
- Earth must be VERY old when many believed it was young
- Organisms were fixed: created and never change
- Traditional Views Before Evolution: What is Creationism?
1/5 closeness
- God created an infinite and continuous series of life forms
- Organisms were fixed: created and never change
- Traditional Views Before Evolution: What is Catastrophism?
2/5 closeness
- Mass extinctions would cause new organisms from other areas to move in; challenging fixed organisms
- Traditional Views Before Evolution: What is Uniformitarianism?
3/5 closeness
- mechanisms of change are constant over time; the same geologic processes are operating today as the past
- Suggested Earth was very old
- Traditional Views Before Evolution: What is Lamarckism?
4/5 closeness
- Used body parts become larger and stronger; not used deteriorate
- Inheritance of acquired characteristics; STRONG BABY
- Darwin’s Theory Evolution: What is Evolution?
5/5 closeness
- Global Diversity: Different parts of the world had similar organisms and some had organisms found nowhere else
- Local Diversity: Organisms in the same region but in different environments had different features.
- Species change Over Time: Fossils are HUGE, animals are small. also, modern species and extinct species resemble each other and are in the same locations
- Darwin’s Theory Evolution: Who was Darwin’s Scientist Partner and what book did they produce?
Alfred Wallace; on the origin of species
- Darwin’s Theory Evolution: What is Adaptation?
- Structure, behavior, or physical process that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Ex: Mimicry
- Darwin’s Theory Evolution: What is Variations?
- Structure, behavior, or physiological differences between individuals
2.Types of Evolution: What is Macroevolution and Microevolution?
- Macroevolution: Large-scale evolution changes the formation of taxa (new group) and new groups of organisms, over a long period of time
- Microevolution: change in genetic composition within populations over a short time
- The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: What were the two main ideas developed by the theory of natural selection?
- “descent with modification explains life’s unity and diversity” (genetic inheritance and diversity of species)
- “Natural selection brings about the “match” between organisms and their environment” (characters best suited to the environment they live in have a higher chance of reproduction)
- The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: What is Common Descent?
All species are descendants of a common ancestor. Differences accumulate over time.
- The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: What are the four observations Darwin made while developing the theory of natural selection, and what did he notice after the observations were made?
- Members in a population often vary in their traits
- Traits are inherited from parents to offspring
- All species can make more offspring than the environment can support
- Many offspring do not survive due to selective pressures and lack of resources
- Individuals whose traits strive in their environment end up surviving and reproducing more offspring
- The unequal ability of individuals to reproduce leads to the accumulation of favorable traits over generations
- The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: What is Natural Selection?
The process by which individuals inherited characteristics well suited to their environment, and produce more offspring with viable traits.
- The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: What is Evolutionary Fitness?
Evolutionary Fitness is how well an organism is adapted to its environment, measured by reproductive success.
- Source of Variation: What is a mutation? Are they the main source of variation within a population?
Random changes in DNA. YES, they are.
- Source of Variation: Natural selection can _____________ (three words) heritable traits, and _____ (can/can’t) create new traits.
amplify or diminish, can’t
- Selective Pressures: What are Selective Pressures? Give an example of one.
Environmental condition that selects for or against certain characteristics
Ex: birds with strong eyesight will see white mice opposed to dark mice, and this leads to more dark mice to be produced. Because of this, the dark trait is being selected for, and the white trait is selected against, which is caused by the bird selective pressure.
- What are the seven pieces of evidence that support evolution?
- Comparative Anatomy
2.Comparative Development - Molecular Biology
- Artificial Selection
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Fossil records
- Geographic distribution
- Comparative Anatomy: What is homology?
The similarity between structures due to common ancestry
- Comparative Anatomy: What is Divergent Evolution?
external structures from common ancestors accumulate differences over time due to different environmental pressures
- common ancestor breeds away
- Comparative Anatomy: What are Vestigial Features.
Remnants of features that no longer serve a function
- Comparative Anatomy: What is Convergent Evolution?
Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits independent of each other due to similar environments
- two uncommon ancestors breed towards
- Comparative Anatomy: What are Analogous Features?
Traits that preform similar functions but are no similar in terms of origin/anatomical structure
- Comparative Development: What is the evidence??
many homologous structures in embryos due to common descent (ex. vertebrate)
- Molecular Biology: Evolutionary biologists look for 2 similarities at the molecular level:
DNA similarities and protein similarities
- the more similar the DNA/protein sequences are, the more closely related the individual is
- Artificial Selection: What is it?
selective breeding to produce offspring with a desired genetic trait, provided by humans
- Antibiotic Resistance: What is it?
Antibiotics are a selective pressure as the kill bacteria. over time, natural selection will favor the drug resistant trait.
- Fossils: What is it?
Remains of organisms buried in sediments
- Geographic Distribution: What is it?
Pangea caused the earth’s continents to split (continental drift) into what we have now. This caused the biogeography of species (the geographical distribution of species)
- Genetics and Evolution: What is population?
A group of the same species that live in an area and produce fertile offspring.
- Genetics and Evolution: What is the gene pool?
All the alleles found in a population.
- Genetics and Evolution: What is microevolution?
Change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.
- Mechanisms of evolution: Differentiate these terms: Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection.
Stabilizing Selection: Selects for the medium of a trait; higher medium population post selection
Directional Selection: Selects for one extreme of a trait; higher (one) extreme population post selection
Disruptive Selection: Selects for both extremes of a trait; higher extreme population post selection
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Random mating vs Sexual selection
Random: Selects mate randomly
Sexual: Selects mate with the desired inherited trait
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Genetic Drift?
Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. More frequent in small populations
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Explain the Bottleneck Effect
Natural disaster/bottlenecking event causes drastic reduction of gene pool in a population. nnnjy6yy
- More genetic drift
- less diversity
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Explain the Founder Effect
Small number of individuals from a large environment more to new land and start a smaller population
- Increases genetic drift
- Reduces genetic diversity
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Explain Gene Flow
Exchange of genes between populations
- reduces variation as generations later alleles will grow similar to the original population
- Can introduce new alleles into a population
- Mechanisms of Evolution: What are the three types of mutation?
Three types of mutation:
1. Deleterious
2. Beneficial
3. Neutral
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Criteria List (5):
- No natural selection
- No gene flow
- No mutation
- Only random mating
- Must be a large population
- Macroevolution & Speciation: What is Speciation?
The process where one species splits into two or more species
- What makes something a Species: Name three different concepts when differentiating species.
Morphological Species Concept: Looks at structural features
Ecological Species Concept: Looks at its ecological niche and how they interact with it
Biological Species Concept: (WE USE THIS TODAY) members that are able to reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring.
- Speciation: What are the three steps of speciation?
- Populations are separated and gene flow stops
- Individuals diverge genetically and experience different environmental pressures
- Individuals are reproductively isolated
- Speciation: Allopatric vs Sympatric
Allopatric: population is geographically isolated from each other; makes reproductive barrier.
Sympatric: happens within a population, not geographically isolated
- Reproductive Isolation: What is it, and what are the two types of reproductive barriers?
The inability to reproduce due to a physical or biological barrier
Reproductive Barriers:
1. Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers
2. Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers
- Reproductive Isolation: Name all 5 Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers (give an example for each):
- Habitat Isolation: Birds live in higher or lower habitat
- Temporal: Urchins let out sperm at different times
- Behavioral Isolation: Certain frogs like certain calls and don’t like others (sexual selection)
- Mechanical Isolation: Droneflies have unique pussy and wiener
- Gametic Isolation: Sea cucumbers let out sperm and eggs that can only interreact with each other
- Reproductive Isolation: Name all 4 Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers (give an example for each):
- Zygote Mortality: Goat and sheep can mate but zygote will die
- Hybrid Inviability: Production of stillborn babies
- Hybrid infertility: MULE
- Hybrid Breakdown: First gen: YAY Second: Rice cannot mate down the to the second gen
- Patterns of Divergent Evolution: What are commonalities between divergent evolved populations?
- No competition as they all serve the same ecological niche
- continue to evolve until no more resources are available
- Overall increases diversity
- Patterns of Divergent Evolution: What is Adaptive Radiation?
Closely related species that serve differing ecological niches like Darwin’s finches
- Patterns of Convergent Evolution: What is it or whatevernaroi
- functions will converge but still show proof in different features that the species show
- Natural selection will favor the evolution of similar traits in similar environments
- Patterns of Convergent Evolution: What is cumulative selection?
Evolution of simple structure to complex structure like eyes
- Patterns of Convergent Evolution: What is coevolution?
One species evolves in reaction to another species, ex birds get better eyesight mice change to darker colors, directional selection
- The Pace of Evolution & Speciation: What is the theory of gradualism and the theory of punctured equilibrium, and how are they differentiated?
Theory of Gradualism: gradual change of morphology over years
evidence: Slower; more transitions, occurs in slow changing environments
Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium: Sudden appearance of species in the fossil record
Evidence: Occurs in fast changing environments.
