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Perio 1 > Bio/Etiology of Perio Diseases > Flashcards

Bio/Etiology of Perio Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How were early oral microbials first discovered?

A

cultivation and microscopy; What we can grow, we know

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2
Q

Describe the great plate anomaly.

A

Organisms you see in the mouth do not all grow on an agar plate

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3
Q

What microbiology technique allowed us to learn about more microbes in the oral cavity?

A

16S gene PCR tests

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4
Q

How many species can inhabit the oral cavity?

A

700+

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5
Q

How many species inhabit the oral cavity of one individual?

A

40 - 120 species; each person has a unique microbial fingerprint

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6
Q

Is the oral microbiome made up of only bacteria?

A

No, fungi, parasites, and viruses also inhabit the oral cavity.

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7
Q

Describe the oral cavity of a human fetus.

A

sterile

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8
Q

How long after birth does a baby develop its first oral microbes?

A

4 minutes after birth the first bacteria begin to colonize the oral cavity; likely from the maternal vagina/rectum

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9
Q

At what age is a child’s human microbiome first similar to an adult’s human microbiome?

A

age 2; over 400+ microbes in the human body; most of the oral microbiome is established by the first week of life

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10
Q

Whose oral microbiome is a child’s oral microbiome most similar?

A

the child’s mother

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11
Q

What is one important characteristic of bacteria needed to survive in the mouth?

A

adhesions

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12
Q

What are the 5 major niches of the oral cavity?

A

supragingival; tonsils, dorsum of tongue; buccal, FOM, and palatal epithelium; periodontal/periimplant pocket

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13
Q

Do all species colonized on all niches of the mouth?

A

No, spirochetes do not

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14
Q

_____ of bacteria to oral epithelial cells is directly related to its virulence.

A

Adherence

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15
Q

Are teeth and dental implants microbially the same? Why?

A

No; the tooth has a junctional epithelium that protects the periodontum from microbial species. Implants do not have this.

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16
Q

Should you place an implant if a patient has active periodontal disease? Why?

A

No, because the bacteria from teeth can transfer to the implant and result in failure.

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17
Q

What structure is the primary habitat for periodontopathogens?

A

teeth

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18
Q

Describe dental plaque.

A

microbes entangled in an ECM that colonize on teeth, soft tissues, restorations in the mouth; have specific inter-bacterial and host-bacterial interactions

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19
Q

Is the number of bacteria in the mouth the same as the number of bacteria in the gut?

A

yes

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20
Q

If you floss and brush the recommended daily amount, what percent of plaque do you remove?

A

40%

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21
Q

What is special about the oral microbiome and the immune system at a young age?

A

they co-evolve

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22
Q

What are the 5 stages of biofilm formation?

A 
association
adhesion
proliferation
microcolonies
biofilm formation
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23
Q

Within how many minutes of a prophy does a pellicle form?

A

2 minutes

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24
Q

Term used for the first bacteria to colonize a tooth surface.

A

primary colonizer

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25
What are a few examples of common primary colonizers?
Streptococcus Neisseria Actinomyces Veillonella
26
What is a common secondary colonizer/bridge species in the oral cavity?
Fusobacterium nucleatum
27
If you had an oral cavity more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria, what bacterium would be a contributing factor to that?
Fusobacterium nucleatum: | more F. nucleatum in the mouth = more opportunity for pathogenic bacteria to stick
28
What are 3 important ways bacteria benefit the human body systemically?
1. bacteria in the oral cavity keep pathogens at a low 2. bacteria educate our immune system 3. bacteria break down dietary nitrates
29
Why is nitrate breakdown via bacteria important?
The break down product is nitrous oxide, which is a vasodilator. This decreases blood pressure
30
Term for bacteria that adhere to pellicle.
Planktonic bacteria
31
To what structure in saliva do primary colonizers adhere?
salivary glycoproteins
32
How do bacteria differ in attachment ability?
``` rapid attachers (specific mechanism/structure) slow attachers (nonspecific) ```
33
What happens to bacterial characteristics after attachment to a pellicle?
The bacterial phenotype changes: like outer membrane proteins. AND the bacteria grow
34
Define co-aggregation.
2 different species connecting through specific mechanisms typically glycoprotein receptors on one cell connect to carbohydrates on the other cell. both cell types are in suspension
35
Define co-adhesion.
interactions between suspended and already adhering micro-organisms. (bridging microbes)
36
What influences co-adhesion?
``` Temperature (high temps = no co-adhesion) and lactose (increased levels = decrease in co-adhesion) ```
37
What two processes occur in biofilm growth?
co-aggregation | co-adhesion
38
What occurs during the maturation of a biofilm?
increase in diversity replication and matrix formation ecological succession
39
What is an example of a tertiary colonizer?
Porphyromonas gingivalis
40
Why are pathogens considered pathogens?
because they produce virulence factors that our immune system does not like, triggering an immune response
41
If the biofilm changes and becomes thicker, what happens?
* difficulty in diffusion in and out of biofilm (bacteria get trapped and die b/c low oxygen) * oxygen gradient develops (goes from aerobic to anaerobic) * reverse gradients of fermentation products develop as result of bacterial metabolism
42
Where does supragingival plaque/bacteria gain nutrients from?
nutrients dissolved in saliva
43
Where does subgingival plaque/bacteria gain nutrients from?
gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and blood
44
What happens do the oral microbiome if subgingival plaque/bacteria gain their nutrients from blood?
the oral ecosystem will shift
45
What 2 products do bacteria break macro-molecules into?
peptides and amino acids
46
What is a special characteristic of chlorohexidine?
It has substantivity - it can stay and be released over a period of time. It is also an anionic agent.
47
What makes up a biofilm?
microcolonies and interbacterial matrix
48
What are 3 sources for the intercellular/interbacterial matrix?
dead bacterial cells saliva gingival exudate
49
Are there voids/water channels within the matrix of a biofilm? Why?
yes, that is a way one part of the biofilm communicates with another part.
50
What is the backbone of a biofilm?
exopolysaccharides
51
What comprises the lower layer of the biofilm?
dense layer of microbes polysaccharide matrix tightly bound steep diffusion gradients
52
What comprises the loose layer of the biofilm?
irregular appearance | extends into surrounding medi
53
What comprises the fluid layer of a biofilm?
stationary sublayer fluid layer in motion nourishes the biofilm by molecular diffusion
54
What is the structure of supragingival plaque?
The shape of the microcolonies depends on the force around them, and the interbacterial matrix is highly variable. Supragingival plaque is a high friction area (tooth surface, gingiva)
55
Which microcolony has a low shear force?
towers or mushrooms
56
Which shape microcolony has a high shear force?
elongated colonies capable of oscillation
57
Describe the interbacterial matrix if gram positive bacteria are mostly present.
The matrix is very fibrillar due to dextrans and levans
58
Describe the interbacterial matrix in a biofilm if gram negative bacteria are mostly present.
very regular with trilaminar vesicles | filled with endotoxins and proteolytic enzymes; involved in adherence
59
Why are interbacterial carbohydrates important?
They provide an energy source (dextrans, fructans) and are the skeleton of plaque (mutans).
60
Describe the structure of subgingival plaque.
similar to supragingival plaque but layers near the sulcular epithelium have no interbacterial matrix and contain more spirochetes and flagellated bacteria
61
What factors affect plaque formation?
``` Diet/food smoking copper amalgam tongue and palate brushing mandible compared to maxilla etc. ```
62
Why do bacteria in a biofilm collaborate?
it is necessary for succession
63
Streptococcus cristatus is a primary colonizer and can live with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen it is an _____ _____. When it uses oxygen it creates tiny anaerobic pockets that creates an environment for anaerobic microbes
oxygen scavenger
64
What are some advantages of biofilm living?
defense protection from external changes (shearing forces, antiobiotics) transfer of information and genetic material metabolic cooperation
65
How does the biofilm protect microbes?
* allows bacteria to go unnoticed | * allows bacteria to avoid immunoresponse
66
Define quorum sensing.
regulation in gene expression in response to accumulation of signaling compounds that mediate intercellular communication. i.e. when signaling molecules reach threshold concentration, they begin to have an effect so other bacteria express virulence
67
What microbe is known to participate in quorum sensing?
Porphyromonas gingivalis - it is a community activist
68
What are some benefits of quorum sensing?
antibiotic resistance in dense biofilms encourages growth of beneficial species commensal bacteria produce and respond to low levels of AI-2 Pathogens produce AI-2 in high levels
69
What might determine a switch from a commensal to pathogenic community?
autoinducer (AI) 2
70
What is a bactericidal antibiotic?
one that targets the cell wall
71
What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?
interfere with protein synthesis
72
How many more times are biofilm bacteria resistant to antibiotics than planktonic bacteria?
1000-1500 times
73
Do biofilm bacteria grow fast or slow?
They grow slow
74
How does bacterial growth affect antibiotics?
If the bacteria are not growing, the antibiotics are not going to work
75
Do slow or fast growers express more exo-polymers?
slow growers
76
What is an exo-polymer?
biopolymer secreted by an organism: like a biofilm
77
What are some mechanisms of antibiotic of resistance?
slow growing bacteria exopolymers retard diffusion biofilm bacteria express different genes (phenotypic change)
78
How do exopolymers prevent antibiotic penetration?
``` ion-exchange mechanisms prevent highly charged molecules from reaching deeper zones extracellular enzymes (beta-lactamase) inactivate antibiotics ```
79
What exopolymer secretions inactivate antibiotics?
beta lactamase formaldehyde dehydrogenase formaldehyde lyase
80
Why are biofilms clinically significant?
antibiotic resistance | can be targets for therapy (vaccines)
81
Biofilms/bacteria can ____ pathogens from pockets to healthy sites in the mouth.
translocate
82
What is the rationale for one-stage, full-mouth disinfection by Leuven?
translocation of bacteria

Perio 1 (2 decks)

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